Classification
Who is the father of taxonomy?
Carolus Linnaeus
The process of gradual change over time is called
evolution
what unit can be used to describe viruses?
nm
How do bacteria obtain food?
Autotrophic bacteria produce food by themselves, heterotrophic bacteria obtain food from other organisms or the products produced by other organisms.
what is animal-like protist called scientifically?
protozoans
What is Linnaeus naming system called?
How you use it?
Binomial nomenclature.
1)the first name: genus name 2)the second name: species name 3)the 1st letter of the genus name is capitalized, the species name is not 4)italics are used if the name is printed 5)the name is underlined if handwritten
What is natural selection?
The process by which individuals that are better adapted to their environment and are more likely to survive and reproduce than other members of the same species.
Describe the structure of a bacteriophage.
It contains two basic parts: inner core which contain genetic material(DNA for bacteriophage) + outer protein coat.
How do lactobacillus (a type of bacteria which can used to produce cheese) get energy?
According to its name, scientists can draw its basic shape. Do you know what shape is it?
by anaerobic respiration (cellular respiration: the process of breaking down food).
It's rodlike shape (belong to bacillus phylum)
list the common characteristics of protozoans
unicellular; heterotrophs; most can move to get food.
What are the three domains?
What is species?
Bacteria, Archaea and Eukaryota.
A group of similar organisms that can mate with each other and produce offspring that can also mate and reproduce.
what does it mean if two species are classified closely together?
How is a branching tree arranged?
They have similar evolutionary histories and a recent common ancestor.
A branching tree diagram shows how species are related and the order in which specific characteristics may have evolved. It begins at the base with the common ancestor of all the organisms in the diagram and the organisms are grouped according to their shared derived characteristics.
Can rabies virus attack the epithelia in human? If not, what type of cell do they attack in human? Explain why or why not.
They can't. They attack neurons. Because viruses have outer protein coat which this marker can only recognize the specific receptor on the host cell. The protein marker of rabies virus can only recognize the receptor on neurons so that it can only invade neurons. This is one of the function of outer protein coat in a virus.
What are two types of reproduction in bacteria? Describe the two types of reproduction in detail.
Asexual (binary fission) and sexual (conjugation)
Binary fission: bacterial cell grows to almost twice its size, then it duplicates its genetic material, form septum and splits the genetic material into two separate cells, two identical daughter cells separate.
conjugation: one bacteria transfers some of its genetic material into another bacterium through a thin, threadlike bridge (it's called pilus). after the transfer, the bacteria separate.
Describe the two important structures and the relevant functions on a sarcodine
The contractile vacuole: Collects and expels excess water from the cell
The pseudopods:
Enable sarcodines move away from bright light
Trap food and form food vacuole
The eight taxa from broad to most specific is?
What is taxonomic key?
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus and Species.
A tool with several paired statements that describe the physical characteristics of living things
By observing the limb bones from a whale and dog, the biologists know that they evolve from the ancestor. How did they know?
Because whales and dogs have homologous structures (body parts have the same basic structure) which indicates that they may have evolved from the same ancestor.
How would you describe or define a virus accurately?
what do they need?
So they are called parasites, define parasites.
Viruses are nonliving, have a protein coat that protects an inner core of genetic material, and cannot reproduce on their own.
A host
An organism that depends entirely upon another livingorganism (a host) for its existence in such a way that it harms that organism.
if a bacterial cell has the ability to carry out both sexual and asexual reproduction, when it's exposed in an unfavorable environment, what could it possibly do to increase its survival chance?
Conjugation does not increase the number of bacteria while binary fission does; conjugation results in bacteria that are genetically different from the parent cells but binary fission results in the identical genetic material in the offspring.
It has the tendency to carry out sexual reproduction to increase the gene variation. It could also possibly form endospore (Small, rounded, light and thick-walled resting cell formed in the bacteria)
what structure does a paramecium use to move around and get food?
what are the functions of the nucleus in a paramecium?
Cilia
Large Nucleus
–Controls everyday tasks
Small Nucleus
–Regulate reproduction
What are the three criteria for organisms classification?
Compare and contrast archaea and bacteria.
Cell number: unicellular/multicellular ; cell type: prokaryotes/eukaryotes; ability to make food: autotroph/heterotroph
Similarities : both unicellular & prokaryotes
Difference: Achaea live in extreme environment/bacteria live in daily environment; Achaea's chemical makeup is different from bacteria's.
Marsupial opossums and New World monkeys both have prehensile tails but they are classified into two different groups. Why do they have similar characteristics?
What can scientists do to make classification more accurate?
Unrelated organisms evolve similar characteristics because they evolved in similar environments and perform similar functions. Thus, their body structures may look similar. This process by which unrelated organisms evolve characteristics that are similar is called convergent evolution.
Besides examining the fossils, scientists can further investigate the chemical makeup of the organisms' cells.
How do viruses invade and multiply inside a host cell?
How do viruses interact with human world?
How do we name viruses? (optional)
There are 5 steps: 1) viruses attach to the host cells 2) DNA/RNA injected into cell (Think about how they inject inside the host cell, what do they need?) 3) synthesis of viral genomes and proteins. 4) Assembly (Think about what do they assemble together? Relates to what do they need from the host cells) 5) Release
Human got inspired by the way how viruses attack host cells, so they invented gene therapy, use viruses as a messenger service to deliver genetic material to cells that need it. Human use vaccine (A vaccine is a substance that stimulates the body to produce chemicals that destroy viruses or bacteria) to prevent some diseases.
How bacteria interact with human world?
harmful: cause diseases; food poisoning (spoil food)[think about what can human do to slow down that process?]
beneficial : produce oxygen, food; used to produce medicine quickly; help maintain homeostasis (think about how); environmental cleanup; environmental recycling; form mutualism relationship with the host to help them obtain important nutrients.
what are the four groups protozoans?
how do Giardia and plasmodium interact with human world?
sarcodine;flagellates; ciliates; protozoans that are parasites
Giardia enters in water in the waste of wild animals, when human drink the water containing Giardia, these protozoans will attach themselves to the human's intestine and cause fever, abdominal pain symptoms.
Plasmodium has two types of host. When a mosquito infected by plasmodium and bit human, this type of protozoan would infect human with Malaria (High fevers that alternate with severe chills)