Ketamine
Ketamine’s active metabolite with approximately 20–30% potency is this compound.
What is norketamine
Propofol primarily produces hypnosis by potentiating this receptor subunit.
What is the GABA-A alpha subunit
Barbiturates primarily exert their sedative-hypnotic effects through this receptor subunit.
What is the GABA-A beta subunit
Etomidate is commonly selected for induction in cardiogenic shock because it largely preserves this hemodynamic parameter.
What is systemic vascular resistance (SVR)
Activation of presynaptic alpha-2 receptors decreases release of this sympathetic neurotransmitter.
What is norepinephrine
A provider avoids ketamine in a patient with globe rupture primarily because ketamine increases this ophthalmologic parameter.
What is intraocular pressure (IOP)
Although hepatic metabolism is primary, this organ also contributes significantly to propofol metabolism.
What are the lungs
Enhancement of this ion movement is responsible for the neuronal hyperpolarization produced by barbiturates.
What is chloride influx
A patient induced with etomidate demonstrates minimal change in blood pressure because etomidate largely avoids depression of this physiologic system.
What is the sympathetic nervous system
Dexmedetomidine’s sedative effects occur primarily at this brainstem structure.
What is the locus coeruleus
A catecholamine-depleted ICU patient becomes profoundly hypotensive after ketamine induction because ketamine’s direct this effect becomes unmasked.
What is myocardial depressant/cardiac depressant effect
Propofol clearance is highly dependent on this physiologic variable
What is cardiac output
Barbiturates are absolutely contraindicated in patients with this metabolic disorder.
What is acute intermittent porphyria
Etomidate suppresses cortisol synthesis by inhibiting this enzyme.
What is 11-beta-hydroxylase
Dexmedetomidine requires caution in hypoalbuminemic patients because this percentage of the drug is protein bound.
What is 94%
Ketamine is especially useful in status asthmaticus because of this airway effect
What is bronchodilation
Propofol is advantageous during one-lung ventilation because it preserves this pulmonary vasoregulatory mechanism.
What is hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV)
Benzodiazepines increase neuronal inhibition primarily by increasing the this characteristic of chloride channel activity.
What is frequency of chloride channel opening
A single induction dose of etomidate may suppress adrenal cortisol production for approximately this duration.
What is 6–24 hours
A patient with severe liver dysfunction may experience prolonged dexmedetomidine effects because the drug undergoes extensive metabolism through these two pathways.
What are glucuronidation and cytochrome P450 metabolism
Female gender, personality disorders, and doses above 2 mg/kg increase risk for this ketamine recovery complication.
What is emergence delirium
The standard induction dose range of propofol for a healthy adult is this.
What is 1–2.5 mg/kg
The relatively high safety profile of benzodiazepines compared with barbiturates is largely due to this pharmacologic phenomenon.
What is the ceiling effect/dependence on endogenous GABA
Following administration, etomidate is rapidly metabolized into this inactive metabolite type.
What is a carboxylic acid metabolite
Addition of dexmedetomidine to peripheral nerve blocks may extend analgesia by approximately this duration.
What is 6–10 hours