Anatomy
Functions of the kidney include:
removing waste products of the blood
maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance
secreting substances that affect blood pressure
The technique of injecting contrast media into a vein and taking radiographs of the kidneys ureters and bladder is termed:
What is intravenous urography or pyelography
IVU or IVP
Most life threatening reactions to contrast occur immediately or within _____ minutes of the injection
20
Where is the IR centered for the oblique IVU radiographs taken during examination of the urinary system
iliac crest/ 2 inches off MSP laterally
The respiration phase for all exposures made during IVU is
expiration
Where do the ureters lie in relation to the peritoneum?
behind the peritoneum
retroperitoneal
A radiographic examination of urinary bladder is termed:
What is cystography?
Significant reactions to contrast media include
nausea
vomiting
edema of the respiratory mucous membrane
What is the central ray angle for the AP oblique projections of the urinary system?
0
Ureteral compression is contraindicated for patients with
a history of renal calculi
an aneurysm
a colostomy
The microscopic components of the parenchyma of the kidney are called
What is a nephron?
How much is the patient rotated from supine for an AP oblique projection of the urinary system?
30
The concentration of iodine in ionic contrast media is
50-70%
Describe the central ray (CR) location for a PA axial bladder
10-15 degree cephalic angle
enters at the MSP 1" distal to the coccyx so it exits 2 inches superior to the pubic symphysis
The synchronous movement of the x-ray tube and IR to blur objects above and below the structure being imaged
What is the tomographic principle?
Describe how the left kidney is different from the right kidney
The left kidney is longer and narrower than the right
It also sits up higher in the abdomen
What are the 4 common projections for the cystogram
AP axial
AP oblique
PA oblique
L or R Lateral
Nonionic contrast media is preferred because
fewer adverse reaction
For the AP or PA axial of the cystogram what is the central ray angulation?
15 caudal/cephalic
If your patient measures 24 cm what level would you set your fulcrum to visualize the upper and lower border of the kidneys.
8, 9, 10
The site where the ureters enter the bladder is termed
What is the ureterovesical junction (UVJ)
For the oblique projection on a male cystourethrography how much would you oblique the patient from the supine position?
35-40, make sure the elevated leg is extended and retracted enough to prevent superimposition
For which anatomical areas is the retrograde filling technique used?
bladder
lower ureters
urethra
While performing a cystogram the radiologist asks you to position the patient to visualize the right ureter entering the bladder. Which oblique would you do and how much would you oblique?
LPO
40-60
In order to be sure there is no renal impairment labs will be drawn prior to administering contrast.
Describe them
BUN-blood urea nitrogen range is usually 5-25
Creatinine-0.5-1.2 mg/100ml
GFR-glomerular filtration rate-more accurate indication of kidney function takes creat,age,race,gender weight into consideration