Ground Floor
This term involves law enforcement officers going through part or all of individual's property, and looking for specific items that are related to a crime that they have reason to believe has been committed.
What is a search?
In this case, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that police officers are required to advise a suspect of their rights during custodial interrogation.
What is Miranda v Arizona?
This RULE requires that evidence obtained in violation of a suspect’s 4th and 5th Amendment rights be excluded from the criminal prosecution.
What is the exclusionary rule?
This term is defined as when a person implicates themselves in criminal activity following policing questions.
What is a confession?
This term is defined as force that exceeds what is necessary to gain compliance or control a situation.
What is excessive?
This term refers to when a police officer takes personal property thought to be involved in criminal activity.
What is seizure?
This term is defined as the express questioning or the functional equivalent regarding a person’s involvement in criminal activity. A muddier definition is specific questions asked by a police officer of a person directed toward information or evidence of that person’s involvement in criminal activity.
What is interrogation?
This DOCTRINE says that when a police officer is lawfully executing his/her duties as a police officer, an officer can seize evidence without a warrant when the officer sees evidence of a crime that is "immediately apparent.” (such as an open backpack with a visible baggie of white powder and a pipe).
What is the plain view doctrine?
This standard of proof is needed for police to conduct a search or seizure.
What is probable cause?
When judging whether an officer’s use of nondeadly force is excessive, the Supreme Court ruled in this 1989 CASE that that the amount of force used is judged from the perspective of a reasonable officer on the scene.
What is Graham v Connor?
This term refers to the act of taking an individual into custody for the purpose of charging the person with a criminal offense.
What is arrest?
In general, this term if defined as when someone is not free to leave. Examples could include when a person is being detained by police or has been arrested by police.
What is custody?
This EXCEPTION to the warrant requirement is the best argument to justify a police officer chasing a man into a house who robbed a liquor store at gunpoint.
What is hot pursuit?
This is the standard of proof that allows an officer to conduct a stop-and-frisk.
What is reasonable suspicion?
In this 1985 CASE, the U.S. Supreme Court decided that the use of deadly force by the police to prevent the escape of a fleeing felon is ONLY justified if the suspect poses a significant threat of serious injury or death to the public or the officer.
What is Tennessee v Garner?
The Court has interpreted this term to mean facts and information from which a reasonable person would believe that crime has occurred or is in progress.
What is reasonable suspicion?
This Amendment established limitations on law enforcement concerning interrogation and arrest procedures, established the protection against double jeopardy, and provided the right against self-incrimination.
What is the 5th Amendment?
In Silverthorne Lumber Co. v U.S. (1920), the Court created this DOCTRINE stating that evidence obtained from a PREVIOUS illegal search cannot be used at trial.
What is the fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine?
This is the level of proof required to be found guilty in criminal court.
What is proof beyond a reasonable doubt?
The mere presence of a weapon does not justify physical use of force. The individual presenting the violent or physical threat must also have the means, capability, and THIS for physical use of force to be warranted.
What is this intent to cause harm?
The Court has interpreted term to mean facts or information from which a reasonable person would conclude that a specific person has committed a specific crime.
What is probable cause?
These two factors must be present to trigger a police officer’s duty to read a suspect the Miranda warning.
What are custody and interrogation?
In U.S. v Leon (1984), the Court established this EXCEPTION to the exclusionary rule thereby allowing evidence that an officer has seized in “reasonable good faith” to be used in court, even though the search was later ruled illegal.
What is the good faith exception?
This U.S. Supreme Court CASE decided the level of proof officers need to conduct a stop-and-frisk.
What is Terry v Ohio?
This term is used to describe a technique or method used to control a suspect that involves physical contact or the use of chemical spray or stunning weapons.
What is impact?