Decision Making Models
These models reflect optimal or ideal decision-making (e.g., logical, consistent with past preferences, decisions, and experiences)
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Normative models
Describe the availability heuristic
Estimating the probabilities of events based on how easily you can bring examples of those events to mind.
A doctor making a diagnosis based on the fact that they have seen a certain disease 7 times already that week is an example of which heuristic?
Availability
What is the term that describes the feeling that an occurrence is relatively more inevitable than if one had not known what happened?
Creeping determinism
True or false: being told about an anchor decreases the use of anchors in lab settings
False
At which stage of the belief adjustment model is new information received in the context of prior beliefs?
Encoding
The Linda problem, in which people estimate the likelihood that Linda is a bank teller vs the likelihood that she is a feminist bank teller, often leads to reliance on what heuristic and why?
Representativeness/conjunction fallacy
A detective making an arrest because a suspect matches the physical idea they have of the person who committed the crime without any other evidence is operating under which bias?
Confirmation bias/forensic confirmation bias
What is one reason someone might be motivated to engage in hindsight bias?
Which type of thinking is associated generally with greater ability to combat bias?
Type II
How do people make decisions based on the Minerva-DM memory model?
Judgments are based on the degree of similarity between a memory probe and memory traces.
Which bias describes our tendency to make person attributions for behaviors that could be explained by the situation alone?
Correspondence
The concept of "cooties" is an example of what effect?
Magical contagion
What is the number one factor that leads to sense-making?
Surprise
Which type of evidence search can combat confirmation bias?
Discomfirmatory
Which model within anchoring and adjustment suggests that the anchor value temporarily makes associated information more accessible?
Selective accessibility model
Which bias aids the most in belief in conspiracy theories?
Hindsight bias
A doctor who makes a diagnosis by searching for symptoms that match what they believe to be the problem is using which kind of search?
Confirmatory
Discomfirmatory search relies on the concept of ___ in hypotheses?
Falsifiability
What is one way to combat hindsight bias?
Giving reasons for thinking
Write down or reference prior thoughts/ideas
Engage in counterfactual thinking
Kelley’s (1973) covariation model of attribution suggests we use several specific kinds of covariation information to make inferences about other people. What are the three types of covariation?
Distinctiveness
Consensus
Consistency
Which type of bias explains how the joint presence of variables has the biggest impact on judgments and joint absence has the smallest effect?
Biased attention to information
Believing I am safer in a car if I am driving than if someone else were driving is an example of...
Illusion of control
Which body of theories operates on commonsense background knowledge and assumptions in biology, physics, and psychology?
Framework theories
Which type of thinking can combat confirmation bias, hindsight bias, and attributions of causation?
Counterfactual