French Revolution
This event in 1789 saw members of the Third Estate swear not to disband until France had a written constitution, even after being locked out of their meeting hall at Versailles.
What is the Tennis Court Oath?
This principle argued that ethnic groups within collapsing empires should be allowed to form their own independent nation-states, reshaping the postwar map of Europe.
What is Self-determination?
This 1938 event involved a coordinated wave of violence against Jewish communities, including destroyed synagogues, businesses, and mass arrests, marking a major escalation of persecution
What is the Kristallnacht?
This July–August 1945 meeting exposed growing tensions among the victorious powers over occupation policies, reparations, and the future of Eastern Europe.
What is the Potsdam Conference?
This revolutionary governing body replaced the Legislative Assembly in 1792 and oversaw the abolition of the monarchy and the trial of Louis XVI.
What is the National Convention?
This 1918 proposal outlined a postwar vision that included open diplomacy, reduced armaments, and a reorganization of Europe along national lines.
What are the Fourteen Points?
This brutal urban battle on the Volga became a major turning point in the war, halting a major offensive and shifting momentum to the opposing side.
What is the Battle of Stalingrad?
During this phase of the French Revolution, emergency government policies suspended many civil liberties, and the Committee of Public Safety justified mass executions as necessary to defend the revolution from internal and external enemies.
What is the Reign of Terror?
This international organization was created after WWI to prevent future global conflicts through collective security, though it ultimately failed to stop aggression in the 1930s.
What is the League of Nations?
This term describes the early decoys of troops and arsenal in Europe during world war II.
What is the Phony War?
This 1815 battle involved Napoleon’s final attempt to regain power after exile, where his defeat by a combined Anglo-allied and Prussian army permanently ended his rule and reshaped European politics.
What is the Battle of Waterloo?
This German military strategy relied on rapid mobilization and a sweeping invasion through neutral territory to avoid a two-front war against France and Russia.
What is the Schlieffen Plan?
This authoritarian leader created a fascist state, used propaganda and militarism to expand power, and later fell after losing support from his own regime.
Who is Benito Mussolini?
This post-Napoleonic diplomatic system, established after 1815, aimed to preserve the balance of power in Europe and suppress revolutionary movements through cooperation among great powers.
What is the Concert of Europe?
This wartime coalition's members were deeply divided over how to balance national security, imperial ambitions, reparations, and the idealistic principles that were later debated at the Paris Peace Conference.
What are the Allied Powers?
his large-scale economic recovery initiative aimed to rebuild war-torn regions and stabilize governments to prevent political extremism after the conflict.
What is the Marshall Plan?