This refers to the vomiting of blood, either bright red or coffee-ground in appearance.
What is hematemesis?
This is the very first step in an unstable patient with suspected GI bleeding.
What is assessing Circulation, airway, breathing (ABCs)?
This is the most common cause of upper GI bleeding.
What is peptic ulcer disease?
This is the recommended timing for endoscopy in a hemodynamically stable upper GI bleed.
What is within 24 hours?
This medication class is first-line in suspected peptic ulcer bleeding.
What is PPI
This black, tarry stool indicates digested blood from an upper GI source.
What is melena?
This is the preferred type of access for rapid fluid resuscitation.
What are two large-bore peripheral IVs?
This condition is the cause of variceal bleeding due to increased pressure in the portal system.
What is portal hypertension?
This is the recommended scope timing in suspected variceal bleeding.
What is within 12 hours?
This medication lowers portal pressure in variceal bleeding.
What is octreotide?
This symptom can occur with a massive upper GI bleed due to rapid intestinal transit, although it is typically a result of lower GI bleeding
What is hematochezia?
This hemoglobin threshold is the general transfusion trigger in a stable patient.
What is 7 g/dL?
This condition involves a mucosal tear caused by forceful vomiting or retching.
What is a Mallory-Weiss tear?
What scoring system estimates rebleeding and mortality risk after an upper GI bleed.
What is the Rockall or Blatchford scores
These are used in variceal bleeds to reduce infection risk.
What are prophylactic antibiotics (e.g., ceftriaxone)?
What comorbid condition may require a higher transfusion threshold due to increased susceptibility to adverse effects of anemia
What is CAD or pulmonary disease
This is the target MAP to maintain adequate organ perfusion during resuscitation.
What is 65 mmHg?
This is a rare and life-threatening condition that can occur after AAA repair or grafting, and signs of this condition include sepsis and hematochezia.
What is an aortoenteric fistula?
NG tube placement should be avoided for what reason in variceal bleeding
What is to avoid trauma
This drug promotes gastric emptying before endoscopy in the setting of acute upper GI bleeding.
What is erythromycin?
This emesis type results from slower or upper GI bleeding.
What is coffee-ground emesis?
This is the platelet count threshold where transfusion should be considered if bleeding or procedures are planned.
What is <50,000?
This lesion involves a dilated submucosal artery in the stomach wall that bleeds massively.
What is a Dieulafoy lesion?
These clinical signs suggest an emergent need for endoscopy.
What are hemodynamic instability, ongoing hematemesis, and refractory anemia?
List three classes of medications that should be held prior to H. Pylori testing
What are proton pump inhibitors, antacids, antihistamines and bismuth containing compounds