Transcription
Translation
Inheritance
Prokaryotes
Potpourri
100
What are the three steps of Transcription?
Initiation, Elongation, & Termination
100
This is the site where translation occurs
The ribosomes
100
A cell takes up external DNA, which results in a heritable change in its characteristics. What is this process known as?
Transformation
100
Two of the three domains of life are prokaryotes, characterized by having prokaryotic cells. Which are they?
Bacteria & Archaea
100
The Central Dogma of molecular biology is?
DNA → RNA → Protein
200
In transcription, which RNA is responsible for the coding of proteins?
mRNA
200
What enzyme is responsible for matching tRNA to the correct amino acid?
amino-acyl tRNA synthetase
200
DNA wraps around histone proteins to form?
Nucleosomes
200
The thick-coated resistant structure produced by certain bacteria when exposed to
harsh conditions is known as?
Endospore
200
A fluorescent gene is appended to a gene in another species to find out if a gene of interest is expressed. What is this gene called?
Reporter genes
300
What sequence signals the termination of transcription and the release of the RNA transcript in bacteria?
Terminator Sequence
300
Why do GCU, GCC, GCA, and GCG all correspond to Alanine?
The Wobble Effect
300
This form of chromatin is a more densely packed form of chromatin
Heterochromatin
300
What is the following structure made of?
Peptidoglycan (Cell Wall)
300
During interphase, chromosomes occupy distinct regions of the nucleus known as?
Chromosome territories
400
What is the function of the 5' cap and 3' poly-A tail?
Functions of cap and tail:
• Facilitate export to cytoplasm
• Protect mRNA molecule from degradation
• Attach mRNA molecule to ribosome at 5’ end for protein synthesis
400
Proteins that are destined to be part of the endomembrane system, or are meant to be secreted, are marked by which peptide?
Signal peptide
400
List Chargaff's Rules (2)
1. DNA base composition varies among species
2. For each species, the percentage of A and T are approximately equal, and the percentage of G and C are approximately equal
400
What three characteristics of prokaryotes allow them to reproduce rapidly and reach populations of trillions of individuals?
1. They are small
2. They reproduce by binary fission
3. They have short generation times
400
In transcription, introns are ______, and exons are _____ (removed/retained)?
Introns are removed, and exons are retained.
500
Suppose X-rays cause a sequence change in the TATA box of a particular gene's promoter region. How would that affect the transcription of the gene?
The mutation would prevent transcription factors from binding properly, causing the gene’s transcription to decrease or stop.
500
After translation, two alpha (α) chains and two beta (β) chains join together to form Hemoglobin. What form of protein structure is this?
Quaternary structure
500
The Semiconservative model predicts that after the first round of replication, each daughter molecule will have one parental DNA strand and one "new" DNA strand. What would you expect after the second round of replication?
2 of the 4 molecules will have one
strand of original DNA, and 2 of the 4 molecules will be new DNA strands
500
An unknown bacterium undergoes the Gram-staining procedure. After being treated with crystal violet, iodine, alcohol, and a red counterstain, the bacterium appears red/pink when viewed under a microscope. Is the bacterium Gram-positive or Gram-negative? Explain.
Gram-negative bacteria have a thinner peptidoglycan layer, so the crystal violet washes out during the alcohol rinse. They then absorb the red counterstain, causing them to appear red/pink.
500
How does Halobacterium survive in extremely salty environments
Biochemical adaptation: They have specialized proteins that act as pumps, which balance the ionic concentration inside the cell so that the cells don’t lose water through osmosis.