Stewart's Cane
3 examples of accessory organs
What are teeth, tongue, Salivary glands, Liver, Gallbladder and Pancreas
A type/category of GI disease where it "looks normal, but isn't working properly." It is also the most common type of GI disorder.
What is Functional?
Examples: GERD, Constipation, IBS
Anatomy Q
yeet
Psyllium, Methylcellulose, Polycarbophil, and Fiber are drugs from this class.
Psyllium, methylcellulose, polycarbophil, and fiber are all bulk-forming agents.
Bonus: Polycarbophil is the synthetic fiber
DOR Function
(DOR = Delta opioid receptor)
What is decrease intestinal secretion?
Hormone that triggers release of pancreatic and gall bladder secretions as a result of fat/protein digestion
Cholestokynin (CCK)
CCK, a hormone, causes this to release from the gallbladder to aid in the digestion of fat.
What is bile?
CCK = Cholestokinin
Which disease is not known to cause constipation as a secondary cause?
A) heart failure
B) hypertension
C) IBS
D) hypothyroidism
E) Syphilis
The diseases that can cause constipation are:
Heart failure, IBS, Diverticulitis, Hemorrhoids, Hirchsprungs, Diabetes, Hypothyroidism, Syphilis, Tuberculosis.
Hypertension is not within this list.
The most interesting fact about glycerin, an osmotic laxative (alcohol).
Hint: local discomfort is an AE of glycerin
What is Rectal Only?
Diphenoxylate (Lomotil) and Difenoxin (Motofen) are unique because in high doses, they have the potential to cross the blood brain barrier and cause opioid dependence. These drugs can be paired with this medication to both lower that risk of abuse as well as help with diarrhea.
What is atropine?
A double layer of peritoneum that holds organs in place and also is involved in fat storage.
What is Mesenteries?
Enzyme deficiencies, Celiac Disease, and Crohn's Disease are all in this type/category of GI diseases
Impaired Digestion and/or Absorption
Bonus: Lactose intolerance (Lactase)
3 classes of drugs that may cause constipation.
•Opioids
•Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
•Antihistamines
•Tricyclic antidepressants
•Calcium channel blockers
•Diuretics
•Antacids
-Aluminum hydroxide
-Calcium carbonate
•Iron
Two drugs that nonspecifically stimulate mucosal nerve plexus of the colon (ENS) in order to cause colonic peristaltic contraction.
What are Bisacodyl (Dulcolax) and Senna?
Bonus: Stimulant laxatives
Pepto-Bismol, or bismuth subsalicylate, is a diarrhea medication with an unclear MoA... but it does cause antisecretory, anti-inflammatory, and _______ effects.
antibacterial
The part of the large intestine responsible for “churning/mixing” components within compartments.
What is Segmental (Haustra)?
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome, an example of gastric acid hypersecretion is associated with this type/category of GI diseases.
Altered Secretion
The top 3 likely bacterial causes of diarrhea.
What is C. Diff, E. Coli, and Salmonella?
The generic AND brand name of an agonist to the membrane-spanning GC-C (guanylyl cyclase-C) that increases intracellular cGMP, thus activating a cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and allowing for chloride-rich secretion and acceleration of intestinal transit.
Lincalotide (Linzess)
Any two physiologic effects of Octreotide (Sandostatin)
1.It inhibits the secretion of numerous hormones and transmitters, including gastrin, cholecystokinin, glucagon, growth hormone, insulin, secretin, pancreatic polypeptide, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and 5-HT.
2.It reduces intestinal fluid secretion and pancreatic secretion.
3.It slows gastrointestinal motility and inhibits gallbladder contraction.
4.It reduces portal and splanchnic blood flow.
5.It inhibits secretion of some anterior pituitary hormones.
The ICC responsible for slow wave, action potentials for peristalsis
What is Myenteric ICC?
Answer both correctly to get full points:
Patient Kameron Chew comes in with a suspected ulcer and potential GOO.
1) GOO stands for this
2) What test could you use to shove a camera down Kam Chew's throat?
1) GOO = Gastric Outlet Obstruction
2) Endoscopy or Capsule Endoscopy
When considering the pathophysiology of diarrhea, this type of pathophysiology is associated with a discharge of mucus, proteins, and blood.
What is Exudative?
The description of polyethylene glycol (PEG)’s Mechanism of Action.
Brand names: Mira-lax, GoLYTELY.
Osmotic Laxative: Create osmotic pressure → draw water into the lumen of colon → increase water content in stool → easier for colon to produce forward movement
The drug that saved Harshin's behind when he accidentally drank some unpurified water in India.
What is Loperamide (Imodium)?