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What does Foster mean when he says “there’s no such thing as a wholly original work of literature”?
everything in literature comes from something els
What is an archetype? Give an example from the book.
An archetype is the original model from which something is developed or made. An example of this could be the quest of the hero, communion, the hero etc.
The least connected with Literature, it is effects depending more on the stage machinist than on the author of the play itself. Aristotle even argued that this was not a necessary aspect of a play.
Spectacle
Sophocles was a genius playwright, writing over 100 plays with only 7 of them surviving. But he was also athletic and skilled and music. Besides writing plays, Sophocles also served as (3 possible answers)
A treasurer, an executive official in the armed forces, and an advisory commissioner to Athens after the defeat at Syracuse
The fatal flaw or mistake that leads to the hero's downfall, literally meaning "mistake."
Hamartia
What are the two categories of violence in literature?
violence that characters enact upon one another
harmful events that happen to a character in order to advance the plot
Explain what Foster means by “don’t read with your eyes.”
Don't read only from your own fixed position, instead approach writing with an open mind and viewpoint than your own.
It happens after the climax, crisis, or reversal in a traditional plot structure or "Freytag's Triangle", the event or action before the resolution.
Denouement or falling action
The Origins of a Tragedy are still debated, but the consensual amongst most scholars is that theater came out of Athens through a series of song rituals and performance to this god:
Dionysos
Not always the death of the tragic hero, but a change in fortune:
Catastrophe
1.What does snow represent in literature?
2.What does fog represent in literature?
3.What does a rainbow represent in literature?
4.What does rain represent in literature?
1.anything because it is filthy, clean, playful, suffocating, inviting
2.confusion
3.peace between heaven and earth, promise
4.having a cleansing or restoration effect on characters
What are the symbolic meanings of the seasons?
Fall--
Winter--
Summer--
Spring--
Fall-- decay
Winter-- suffering, death
Summer-- happiness, exuberance, and freedom
Spring-- represents hope, rebirth, and life
An extensive amount of pride that results in the misfortune of a protagonists, leading him to break a moral law by attempting to transcend the normal limitations of man or ignore a warning decreed by the gods.
Hubris
The Spartans triumphed and established Oligarchic government over the Athenian alliance in this Civil War:
Peloponnesian War
The three principles of a Greek Tragedy: The tragedy must evoke pity and fear, the protagonist must be essentially righteous and good, and...
The protagonist's demise must come from some form of personal error or decision
What are the five characteristics of the quest? Label them and give a brief definition of each.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
a quester
a place to go
a stated reason to go there
challenges and trials en route
a real reason to go there
Define the three types of irony.
1. verbal irony:
2. situational/structural irony:
3. dramatic irony:
1. verbal irony: a figure of speech in which the speaker wants to be understood as meaning the opposite of what they are actually saying.
2. situational/ structural irony: the irony of something happening that is very different to what would be expected.
3. dramatic irony: when the audience knows something that the characters don't
Contributing to the unity of the plot, they can be integrated into the play as if they were an actor. Sophocles increased their size to 15 members.
Chorus
Greek Culture flourished, systems of rhetoric and logic became the foundation of government and ethics. Philosophers such as Aristotle and Plato began to seek rational explanations for natural phenomenons. The leader of Athens, Pericles, sought to complete a massive building project known as the Pantheon. This period was known as:
The classical Period
Aristotle defines this as a moment of clairvoyant insight in the mind of the tragic hero when he fully understands the "web of fate that he has entangled himself in."
Anagnorisis
1.Why is it dangerous to stand next to the hero?
2.How is this seen in the example of Patroclus?
1.the character standing next to the hero is likely going to be killed
2.Patroclus wears Achilles’ armor in battle and is literally killed as Achilles’ surrogate. Rather than protecting him, Patroclus’ proximity and resemblance to Achilles put him in even greater danger.
What is Foster’s point in regards to the primary meaning of a text vs. the secondary meaning?
The primary meaning of the text is the story it is telling. The secondary meaning provides texture and depth to the story and deepens the meaning of the original story.
In a Greek tragedy, there is a distinguishable right and wrong. However, no matter how right or good you are, there is no escaping this force, an inevitable power that predetermines events.
Sophocles was chosen at 16 to lead a choral chant to celebrate a sea victory against this group of people in the Battle of Salamis.
The Persians
As defined by Aristotle, this drama depicts the fall of a good person after they have made some crucial mistake or error, causing him to suffer greatly.