What did the London Convention establish?
International controls regulating the dumping and incineration of wastes at sea.
How many meters below sea level are deep sea beds located?
3,000 meters
What does EEZ stand for?
Exclusive Economic Zone
What international convention was made to replace OILPOL?
MARPOL
What does ISA stand for?
International Seabed Authority
What was the most pressing policy challenge for the London convention, and what is it?
Geoengineering - deliberately modifying the environment to combat climate change.
Why are deep sea beds so important?
Deep sea beds contain rich mineral resources in the form of metallic muds and Polly metallic nodules. *Overall they contain Rich minerals and resources*
What types of states suffer the most directly from marine pollution?
Coastal States
What does PRF stand for?
Port Reception Facility
What does UNCLOS stand for?
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
What was a form of geoengineering that received attention after the 2007 COP?
Carbon capture and storage under the seabed
In article 24 of the 1958 Geneva Convention, what problem wasn't addressed when discussing the exploration of sea beds?
Issues of jurisdiction
Which State holds ‘ultimate enforcement authority?’ (Crew training, regulation, etc.)
Flag States
At least how far away must the oil be discharged?
50 miles
What are Polymetallic Nodules, and why are they so valuable?
They are potato-shaped rocks that hold precious metals that are said to be metals that are required for all types of renewable energy.
What are the difference between MARPOL and the London Convention?
MARPOL controls operational or unintentional releases of pollution, while London covers intentional dumping of waste from ships.
What year did the U.S.. vote in favor of the general assembly declaration stating that the deep seabed is the common Heritage of mankind?
1970.
What is one of the two exceptions to a nation’s ‘ultimate enforcement authority?
(1) Whenever the pollution or discharge causes major damage to a coastal state.
(2) "when the flag State “has repeatedly disregarded its obligation to enforce effectively the applicable international rules and standards in respect of violations committed by its vessels.”"
What was a big concern for MARPOL regarding people in relation to where they'd dump their oil.
Willful noncompliance by the captain and crew
Why did France, among other nations, call for a pause on deep seabed mining?
The pause was called due to a lack of scientific data about its potential impacts and very little regulation to protect the environment.
What is Ocean fertilization and is it bad?
Dumping large amounts of iron into the ocean to cause a large phytoplankton bloom, hopefully take up carbon from the atmosphere. Research shows it has potential harmful impacts on marine environment and human health, was ceased in 2008.
Why did the 1994 agreement fundamentally change the financial Arrangements of the international seabed Authority and Enterprise?
There were no longer any production limits on seabed mining, States were under no obligation to find the joint ventures of the Enterprise, and Technology transfer was not mandatory.
What are the four different ocean zones?
Internal Waters; Territorial Sea; Contiguous Zone; EEZ (Exclusive Economic Zone)
What was a requirement for ships due to the Port and Waterways Act?
Segregated ballast tanks
While the ISA has not issued any exploitation deep seabed mining licenses, what did they issue, and to who did they issue them?
The ISA issued a test mining run to NORI or Naura Oceans Resources Inc.