The London Convention 1972
Deep Seabed
Protecting Marine Environment from Vessel- Source Pollution
Annex 1
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100

What did the London Convention establish?

International controls regulating the dumping and incineration of wastes at sea.

100

How many meters below sea level are deep sea beds located?

3,000 meters

100

What does EEZ stand for?

Exclusive Economic Zone

100

What international convention was made to replace OILPOL?

MARPOL

100

What does ISA stand for?

International Seabed Authority

200

What was the most pressing policy challenge for the London convention, and what is it?

Geoengineering - deliberately modifying the environment to combat climate change.

200

Why are deep sea beds so important?

Deep sea beds contain rich mineral resources in the form of metallic muds and Polly metallic nodules. *Overall they contain Rich minerals and resources*

200

What types of states suffer the most directly from marine pollution?

Coastal States

200

What does PRF stand for?

Port Reception Facility

200

What does UNCLOS stand for?

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

300

What was a form of geoengineering that received attention after the 2007 COP?

Carbon capture and storage under the seabed

300

In article 24 of the 1958 Geneva Convention, what problem wasn't addressed when discussing the exploration of sea beds?

Issues of jurisdiction

300

Which State holds ‘ultimate enforcement authority?’ (Crew training, regulation, etc.)

Flag States

300

At least how far away must the oil be discharged?

50 miles

300

What are Polymetallic Nodules, and why are they so valuable?

They are potato-shaped rocks that hold precious metals that are said to be metals that are required for all types of renewable energy.

400

What are the difference between MARPOL and the London Convention?

MARPOL controls operational or unintentional releases of pollution, while London covers intentional dumping of waste from ships.  

400

What year did the U.S.. vote in favor of the general assembly declaration stating that the deep seabed is the common Heritage of mankind?

1970.

400

What is one of the two exceptions to a nation’s ‘ultimate enforcement authority?

  1. (1) Whenever the pollution or discharge causes major damage to a coastal state.

(2) "when the flag State “has repeatedly disregarded its obligation to enforce effectively the applicable international rules and standards in respect of violations committed by its vessels.”"

400

What was a big concern for MARPOL regarding people in relation to where they'd dump their oil.

Willful noncompliance by the captain and crew

400

Why did France, among other nations, call for a pause on deep seabed mining?

The pause was called due to a lack of scientific data about its potential impacts and very little regulation to protect the environment.

500

What is Ocean fertilization and is it bad?

Dumping large amounts of iron into the ocean to cause a large phytoplankton bloom, hopefully take up carbon from the atmosphere. Research shows it has potential harmful impacts on marine environment and human health, was ceased in 2008.

500

Why did the 1994 agreement fundamentally change the financial Arrangements of the international seabed Authority and Enterprise?

There were no longer any production limits on seabed mining, States were under no obligation to find the joint ventures of the Enterprise, and Technology transfer was not mandatory.

500

What are the four different ocean zones?

Internal Waters; Territorial Sea; Contiguous Zone; EEZ (Exclusive Economic Zone)

500

What was a requirement for ships due to the Port and Waterways Act?

Segregated ballast tanks

500

While the ISA has not issued any exploitation deep seabed mining licenses, what did they issue, and to who did they issue them?

The ISA issued a test mining run to NORI or Naura Oceans Resources Inc.

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