Rio di Janeiro
Tokyo
Bangkok
Melbourne
Seoul
100

List reasons that can impair healing of an ulcer.

Tobacco

Weight

Poor dietary intake

Uncontrolled DM

Poor circulation

Alcohol use


100

What is metaplasia vs anaplasia vs hyperplasia?

Metaplasia refers to the transformation of one mature cell type into another, essentially changing the type of cell present in a tissue due to stress, 

Anaplasia describes a complete loss of cell differentiation, where cells become highly abnormal and poorly differentiated (undifferentiated), often seen in cancerous tissue

Hyperplasia signifies an increase in the number of cells within a tissue, where the cells themselves remain largely normal in appearance, although the overall tissue mass is larger

100

What is the single best thing to do to prevent infection?

WASH HANDS!

100

List 5 signs and symptoms of increased ICP.

  • Headache: A severe headache is a common symptom. 
  • Blurred vision: Vision changes can include double vision, eye movement problems, or difficulty using the eyes.
  • Vomiting: Vomiting can occur due to increased ICP. 
  • Weakness: Weakness or difficulty moving can occur due to increased ICP. 
  • Seizures: Seizures can occur due to increased ICP
  • Papilledema
  • Fixed dilated pupils
  • Inc BP
  • decr HR
  • Decr RR
100

What labs are drawn for suspected heart attack?

CK

Troponin

200

What are risk factors for heart disease?

HTN

Diabetes

High cholesterol

Smoking

Sedentary lifestyle

200

What hormones are associated with stress?

Cortisol, adrenaline (epinephrine)

200
List 3 reasons why older adults get pressure ulcers.

Incontinence

Loss of feeling

Immobility

Poor blood flow

Skin changes (thinner)

200

What chemical compounds are released in allergies/inflammation?

Prostaglandins

Histamine

Leukotrienes

Bradykinins

200

What are s/s of hypovolemia in the body?

Weakness

Fatigue

Dizziness

Dryness

Decr urine

Low BP

Orthostatic hypotention

Inc HR

Altered mental status

Inc sodium

300

What labs are used to check for systemic inflammation?

CRP

ESR

CBC

300
List 5 things you would educate your patient on to decrease risk factors for developing cancer.

1) Vaccines --> HPV

2) Stop smoking

3) Wear sunblock

4) Get screened early if family hx

5) Avoid environmental exposures

300

What is: a flat, distinct, discolored area of skin that does not change the texture or thickness of the skin 

Macule

300

What are the 3 components of the GCS?

Eyes

Verbal

Motor

300

What are s/s of hypervolemia in the body?

4+ pulses

Inc BP

Edema

Weight gain

Low sodium

400

What is the pathophysiology of erythema?

  • Involves changes in blood flow (dilation) and increased permeability of blood vessels
400

What cells are involved in innate, non-specific immunity?

neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer (NK) cells, basophils, eosinophils, mast cells, and monocytes

400

What is a small, solid, raised bump on the skin that is well-defined with distinct borders, usually less than 1 centimeter in size?

Papule

400

What are s/s of good perfusion?

Normal BP

2+ pulses at normal rate

Good tissue color (pink)

Normal mental status

Cap refill

400

What are causes of orthostatic hypotension?

Diarrhea

Vomiting

Heart issues

Blood loss



500

What is atrophy?

What is hypertrophy?

Atrophy is a decrease in muscle mass, while hypertrophy is an increase in muscle mass.

500
What cells are involved in specific, adaptive immunity?

B cells and T cells

500

What is a small fluid-filled sac on the skin?

Vesicle

500

What are 3 s/s of a PE?

1) SOB

2) Chest pain

3) Anxiety/nervous/doom

4) Coughing --> maybe blood

5) Dizziness/palpitations

500

How do lymph nodes affect edema?

Lymph nodes acts as filters in the lymphatic system, and when they are damaged or blocked, they can prevent the proper drainage of fluid, leading to a build-up of fluid in the tissues and causing swelling

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