The Insanity Defense
The insanity defense focuses primarily on a defendant's mental state at this point in time.
What is the time of the offense/crime?
This questioning process is used by attorneys and/or judges to identify potential bias among prospective jurors.
What is voir dire?
Elizabeth Loftus's research demonstrated that misleading information presented after an event can alter people's memories, an effect known by this name.
What is the misinformation effect?
People included in a lineup who are known to be innocent are commonly called these.
What are fillers?
This term refers to returning to criminal behavior after an individual has been sanctioned or released.
What is recidivism?
This famous insanity standard asks whether a defendant understood the nature of the act or knew that it was wrong.
What is the M'Naghten or McNaughton rule?
This type of juror removal requires an attorney to provide a reason showing that the juror cannot be impartial.
What is a challenge for cause?
Witnesses sometimes remember the presence of a weapon particularly well while remembering fewer peripheral details, a phenomenon called this.
What is weapon focus?
In this lineup procedure, individuals are shown one at a time rather than all together.
What is a sequential lineup?
Supervision in the community following release from prison is commonly known as this.
What is parole?
This insanity test expanded beyond cognition by asking whether a mental disorder prevented a defendant from controlling his or her behavior.
What is the irresistible impulse test?
This type of challenge generally allows an attorney to excuse a prospective juror without establishing cause, subject to constitutional restrictions.
What is a peremptory challenge?
This phenomenon refers to people's tendency to have greater difficulty identifying faces belonging to racial groups other than their own.
What is the cross-race effect/own-race bias?
A procedure in which neither the witness nor the administrator knows the suspect's identity is described using this experimental-design term.
What is double-blind?
This correctional goal attempts to reduce future offending by changing an offender's behavior, skills, or circumstances.
What is rehabilitation?
Developed by the American Law Institute, this standard asks whether mental disease or defect substantially impaired a person's capacity either to appreciate criminality or conform conduct to the law.
What is the ALI/Model Penal Code standard?
Research on jury decision-making frequently distinguishes explicit bias from this less conscious or automatic form of bias.
What is implicit bias?
This interviewing procedure encourages witnesses to mentally recreate the context, report everything, and sometimes recall events in different orders or perspectives.
What is the cognitive interview?
In this lineup procedure, all lineup members are presented to the witness at the same time.
What is a simultaneous lineup?
This is an alternative to prison which seeks to provide treatment and the deterrent of a person having to go to prison if they fail to follow treatment repeatedly.
What is a mental health or drug court?
This influential standard stated that a defendant was not criminally responsible if an unlawful act was the "product" of mental disease or defect.
What is the Durham rule?
This effect occurs when discussion causes a group's average position to become more extreme in the direction members initially favored.
What is group polarization?
Variables such as lighting, distance, stress, and viewing duration that cannot be controlled by the justice system are often called these.
What are estimator variables?
A two-word term commonly used instead of "photo lineups."
What are photo arrays?
This correctional philosophy seeks to prevent crime by making punishment or its consequences discourage future offending.
What is deterrence?