Hmong Identity & Barriers
Traditional Hmong students were often placed in these classes, which socially segregated them but also provided a comfortable learning environment.
What are ESL (English as a Second Language) classes?
Lee advocates for this type of curriculum to better support immigrant and minority students.
What is multicultural education?
This term describes enviornments in higher education that exclude or disadvantage minoritized students but is often used instead of racist.
What is "chilly" (or "hostile", "unwelcoming," etc.)
One of the most talked about issues in U.S. education that refers to disparities between majority and minority groups in educational test scores
These minority groups are mentioned to have suffered from the achievement gap and education debt
What is: Black & Latiné
Americanized Hmong students were often perceived as part of these groups due to their style of dress and resistance to authority
What are gangs?
This teaching approach, recommended by Lee, encourages valuing all students for who they are.
What is relevant pedagogy?
According to Harper, this sociological concept refers to dismissing racism as a major factor in racial disparities, instead attributing them to individual or cultural reasons.
What is the "minimization of racism"?
The author argues that we do not have an achievement gap, but instead have this lack related to education
What is: Education Debt
This group was forced into mission and residential "schools" in order to be converted to Christian and Catholic faiths and to "assimilate" into the predominant white society
What is: Indigenous, Native, American Indians
Lee observed that Americanized Hmong youth often identified with this racial group as an act of resistance against exclusion.
Who are Black Americans?
Lee suggests that UHS teachers must reflect on this privilege to recognize racial hierarchy and inequality in schools.
What is white privilege?
Harper critiques the lack of this theoretical framework, widely used in legal and educational studies, in higher education research.
What is Critical Race Theory (CRT)?
This historic case occurred in 1954 and outlawed racial segregation in schools
What is: Brown vs Board of Education
This group was prohibited from schooling and was instead enslaved, the product of their labor was used to profit Northern industrialists who already were benefitting from education
What is: Black Americans
Hmong males at UHS reconstructed this trait by emphasizing toughness and defiance to counter stereotypes.
What is masculinity?
This book by Stacey J. Lee explores the schooling experiences of Hmong American students in Wisconsin.
What is "Up Against Whiteness: Race, School, and Immigrant Youth"?
According to Harper, many scholars fail to explicitly name racism in their research and instead rely on alternative explanations. He draws from this sociologist’s work, who made the term "racism without racists."
Who is Eduardo Bonilla-Silva?
Data suggests that further schooling is associated with higher earnings - this is creates a(n)____ between whites and minorities who differ in education time and quality
What is: Income Disparity(ies)
This concept refers to the degree to which communities of color are excluded from the civic process.
What is: The sociopolitical debt
The book highlights this form of racism, which operates through institutional policies and implicit biases rather than overt hostility
What is institutional racism?
According to Lee, this concept at University Heights High School shaped how teachers defined a "good student" and a "good parent."
What is Whiteness?
In his study, Harper found that most higher education scholars relied on explanations such as financial burdens and academic preparation to explain racial disparities.
What is institutional racism?
This complex, theoretical concept reflects the disparity between what we know is right and what we actually do
What is: The Moral Debt
This is compared to the educational debt throughout the text and is described as both a debt and deficit
What is: National Debt & National Deficit