Epilepsy
This high-frequency oscillation (HFO), observed on intracranial EEG, is increasingly recognized as a biomarker of the epileptogenic zone.
ripples, fast ripples
This rare hyperkinetic movement disorder is characterized by continuous, random, and involuntary movements, often caused by antiphospholipid antibody syndrome or systemic lupus erythematosus.
chorea
This genetic small vessel disease causes recurrent strokes, migraine with aura, and dementia, due to NOTCH3 mutations.
CADASIL (Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy)
The most common clinical course of MS at onset.
relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS)
This neurotransmitter system promotes wakefulness and is targeted in narcolepsy treatment.
orexin/hypocretin system
This rare, catastrophic neonatal epilepsy syndrome is often caused by mutations in the STXBP1 gene and is characterized by suppression-burst EEG and refractory seizures.
Ohtahara syndrome
This basal ganglia structure is the primary site targeted in deep brain stimulation for dystonia.
globus pallidus internus (GPi)
This imaging feature indicates a clot located at the origin of the middle cerebral artery.
MCA "dot sign"
The classic periventricular MS lesion radiating perpendicular to the ventricles.
Dawson’s fingers
This type of muscle activity is normally suppressed during REM sleep.
skeletal muscle tone (REM atonia)
Perampanel, an anti-seizure medication used for focal and generalized seizures, exerts its effect through antagonism of this receptor subtype.
AMPA receptor
This neurodegenerative disorder, often misdiagnosed as Parkinson’s disease, is associated with alpha-synuclein pathology, autonomic dysfunction, and cerebellar signs.
Multiple System Atrophy (MSA)
The DAWN and DEFUSE 3 trials supported thrombectomy up to this many hours from last known well in select patients.
24 hours
The presence of AQP4 antibodies guides the use of this interleukin-6 receptor blocker in NMOSD.
satralizumab
This circadian pacemaker structure in the hypothalamus controls melatonin secretion.
suprachiasmatic nucleus
This pathological EEG pattern, characterized by a chaotic, high-voltage background with multifocal spikes, is classically associated with West syndrome.
hypsarrhythmia
What autosomal dominant disorder is associated with dystonia and “corkscrew” MRI findings in the globus pallidus
Pantothenate Kinase-Associated Neurodegeneration (PKAN)
This rare X-linked recessive disorder features intellectual disability, self-injury, and uric acid–related stroke risk.
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
This MS disease-modifying therapy is associated with rebound disease if discontinued abruptly.
fingolimod (or natalizumab)
Narcolepsy is often associated with deficiency of this neuropeptide in the CSF.
hypocretin (orexin)
This subtype of focal cortical dysplasia is associated with balloon cells and mTOR pathway dysregulation, and is most often seen in drug-resistant pediatric epilepsy.
FCD type IIb
What pediatric movement disorder presents with episodic dystonia, hypotonia, and oculogyric crises, and responds to levodopa
dopa-responsive dystonia (Segawa disease)
This recent multicenter trial supported closure of PFO in young patients with cryptogenic stroke and high-risk features.
RESPECT trial
This aggressive MS variant shows rapid clinical deterioration with extensive bilateral lesions and is sometimes called Marburg MS
fulminant or malignant MS
This pharmacologic agent is a sodium oxybate analog approved for narcolepsy with or without cataplexy.
low-sodium oxybate (Xywav)