Who’s Your Cell Daddy?
Which scientist coined the term “cell” and what was he observing when he did it?
Who is Robert Hooke, and he was observing cork tissue?
What are the two major branches of metabolism, and what do they do?
What are catabolism (breaks down molecules) and anabolism (builds molecules)?
Which organelle is responsible for passing genetic material to daughter cells?
What is the nucleus (eukaryotes) or nucleoid (prokaryotes)?
Where does the Krebs cycle occur, and what molecule must enter it?
What is in the mitochondrial matrix, and acetyl-CoA enters the cycle?
Which phrase better describes natural selection: “survival of the strongest” or “survival of the most adaptable”? Why?
What is “most adaptable” because traits enhancing reproduction in the environment are selected?
List two key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells in terms of internal structure.
What are the presence of membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus (in eukaryotes)?
What is the function of an enzyme’s active site?
What is to bind to specific substrates and catalyze reactions?
Which two individuals contributed to the first unified Cell Theory?
Who are Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann?
Name two key enzymes in the Krebs cycle and one product of each turn.
What are citrate synthase and succinate dehydrogenase; one turn produces CO₂, ATP, NADH, and FADH₂?
What is genetic drift, and when does it have the greatest impact?
What is a random change in allele frequencies, with the strongest effect in small populations?
Why does Gram-positive bacteria retain the crystal violet stain?
What is due to its thick peptidoglycan layer that traps the stain?
Why do enzymes become denatured at extreme temperatures?
What is the disruption of hydrogen bonds and folding structure, altering the active site?
What does Mendel’s Law of Segregation state?
What is each allele pair separates during gamete formation, and offspring inherit one from each parent?
Describe the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis and where they occur.
What is in the thylakoid membrane; light energy converts ADP and NADP⁺ into ATP and NADPH?
Differentiate between homologous and analogous structures.
What is homologous: same origin, different function; analogous: different origin, same function?
What major evolutionary insight does the existence of LUCA provide?
What is that all life shares a common ancestor, and cellular life likely evolved only once?
Explain why adding more substrate does not always increase reaction rate.
What is because enzymes become saturated and can’t process more substrate at once?
How did Louis Pasteur disprove spontaneous generation?
What is by using a swan-neck flask to show no microbial growth without exposure to air particles?
What are the reactants and products of the Calvin Cycle?
What are CO₂, ATP, and NADPH as reactants; glucose and regenerated RuBP as products?
Explain how gene flow can decrease speciation.
What is it homogenizes gene pools, reducing divergence between populations?
Evaluate how binary fission differs fundamentally from mitosis.
What is binary fission occurs in prokaryotes without mitotic spindle or nucleus, while mitosis is an organized nuclear division?
Describe how pH impacts enzyme function at the molecular level.
What are H+ or OH- ions that interfere with ionic bonding and charge interactions at the active site?
Describe the role of the mitochondrion in inheritance theories and metabolism.
What is the mitochondrion’s own DNA that supports endosymbiosis, and it performs cellular respiration?
Compare chemiosmosis in mitochondria and chloroplasts.
What is both use proton gradients and ATP synthase, but sources of energy differ (glucose vs. light)?
Describe the evolutionary process behind antibiotic resistance in bacteria.
What is natural selection favors resistant mutations; they survive, reproduce, and spread resistance?