Hybridization
How do I find hybridization -- what do I look for around the central atom?
Electron domains
A molecule with 2 bonding pairs and 0 lone pairs has what electronic and molecular geometry?
Linear, linear
What's the equation to find formal charge?
Formal Charge = Valence electrons - nonbonding pairs - bonding pair/2
Which direction does electronegativity increase on the periodic table?
Up and to the right
What determines whether a bond is polar or nonpolar?
A central atom has three electron regions — what is its hybridization?
sp2
A molecule with 2 bonding pairs and 2 lone pairs (like H₂O) is what electronic and molecular geometry?
Tetrahedral and bent
Which elements are expected to have an expanded octet?
Elements in period 3 and below
Which has the higher ionization energy: O or S?
O
Describe the polarity of the bonds and the overall molecule --> CO₂
Bonds are polar but nonpolar overall
Which hybridization corresponds to a trigonal bipyramidal shape?
sp3d
A molecule with 5 electron regions but 1 lone pair has what geometry?
Trigonal Bypyramidal and Seesaw
What's the total number of valence electrons in SO4 2-
32
Which has the smallest atomic radius: Cl, Cl-, Cl2+
Cl2+
How does bond order relate to bond strength and bond length?
Higher bond order = stronger, shorter bonds
What is the hybridization of carbon in CO₂?
sp
What's the bond angle of linear, trigonal planar, and tetrahedral?
180, 120, 109.5
Draw or describe the Lewis structure of NO₃⁻ — how many resonance structures are there?
3
Describe the trends of Electron Affinity, Electronegativity, Ionization Energy, Atomic Radius (which way do they increase?)
EA: Right
EN: Up and right
IE: Up and Right
Atomic Radius: Left and down
A molecule with polar bonds can still be nonpolar overall — what determines this?
Molecular geometry (symmetry of dipoles)
A molecule has 5 electron domains and 2 lone pairs on the central atom. What is its hybridization and shape?
sp³d, T-shaped
Tetrahedral and trigonal pyramidal
In XeF4, how many bonding pairs and lone pairs are around Xe?
4 bonding pairs, 2 lone pairs
Bonus! What's the electronic and molecular geometry?
Explain why noble gases have almost no electron affinity and the lowest electronegativity
Because their outer shells are stable and complete, they have no tendency to gain or lose electrons
How does electronegativity relate to ionic and covalent character?
As electronegativity difference increases, the ionic character will increase and covalent character decrease