Definitions and Stats
Direct and Indirect
What are the two types of subsidies?
The international agreement regulates (but does not outright ban) the legal trade of endangered species through a system of permits
What is CITES?
1960s
What is the year(s) that is accredited to the beginning of environmental economics?
Once subsidies are enacted, it is very hard to phase them out, even impossible
What is lock-in?
Interventions that focus on reducing harvesting and those that seek to provide legal substitutes.
What are supply-side measures?
All unlawful activities associated with the commercial exploitation and trade of wildlife specimens
What is illegal wildlife trade?
In illegal wildlife trade research, this type of data reflects law enforcement activity and detection effort rather than true levels of exploitation.
What is seizure data?
Taxes levied on market activities to internalize the cost of negative externalities
What is Pigouvian taxation?
Net metering, production tax credits (PTCs) and investment tax credits (ITCs)
What are indirect subsidies?
In order to monitor and evaluate IWT, one of these has been the hardest to measure: supply, transport, demand.
What is demand?
1.3 trillion dollars
What is the amount of money fossil fuel subsidies received in 2022?
This term refers to the actual underlying rate of poaching or illegal trade occurring in a population, which is often difficult to measure directly.
What is prevalence data?
The Economics of Welfare
What is the book written by Arthur C. Pigou?
Offer partial refunds on the purchase price of renewable energy systems
What are rebates?
This mitigation measure often intersects with criminology.
What is transactional?
36,000 species (84% plants)
What is CITES?
Economists explain overexploitation of wildlife as a form of this phenomenon, where benefits are private but ecological costs are shared by society.
What is a negative externality?
Views the economy as a subsystem contained within the ecosystem, constrained by physical limits
What is ecological economics?
Fail to adjust relative prices of untaxed conventional energy goods
What is an inefficiency of green subsidies?
Local people receive direct economic benefits from the presence of live wildlife.
What is community-based natural resource management?
Products that become increasingly attractive to certain buyers once they become rare
What is the snob effect?
The ecological concept where consumer demand for rare species drives them towards extinction.
What is the anthropogenic Allee effect?
Market efficiency, marginal analysis, market failures
What are neoclassical economic principles?
Those which could increase social welfare even if the economy was functioning according to the normative standard of perfect competition
What are first best policies?
This X amount of money has been invested in fighting IWT between 2010 and 2016.
What is 1.3B dollars?