Cell
What does the cell theory state?
All life is composed of cells & cells can only come from pre-existing cells.
What is the function of a cell wall?
Maintains the shape of the bacteria, even if the cell gains or loses water.
The lipid layer that forms the foundation of cell membranes is primarily composed of molecules called _________
Phospholipids
the capacity to do work
Energy
A measure of the disorder of a system. The energy in a system that is unable to do work.
Entropy
Type of respiration that uses oxygen
Aerobic respiration
Differentiate between a unicellular organism and a multicellular organism, give an example of each.
Unicellular organisms are composed of only one cell; Bacteria; Multicellular oganisms are composed of a multitude of cells, where a cell is only a part of the entire organism; People.
Contains the majority of the cell's genetic material (DNA).
Nucleus.
While water continually orients phospholipids into a lipid bilayer, it does not fix the lipids permanently into position. Thus, the bilayer is considered to be _________
Fluids
The energy of motion
Kinetic energy
Amount of energy that is available to do work
Free energy
What is the first step of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis
What are the 2 main categories of cells?
Prokaryotic cells & Eukaryotic cells.
Differentiate between a nucleus and a nucleolus. Where do you find each?
Nucleus is found in an organelle & conatins DNA; Nucleolus is found in the nucleus & makes ribosomes.
What describes the movement of substances down their concentration gradients?
diffusion
Stored energy
Potential energy
Energy needed to start a reaction. Energy used to destabilize chemical bonds.
Activation Energy
Occurs on the inner membrane of the mitochondria. All of the electrons (H) from glucose travel to the inner membrane of the mitochondria.
Electron Transport Chain
Of the 3 Domains (Bacteria, Aechaea, Eukarya), which contain prokaryotic cells? Eukaryotic cells? Both?
Bacteria & Archaea are prokaryotic; Eukarya is eukaryotic.
What is/are the function(s) of a ribosome?
Makes protein.
Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a membrane in response to the concentration of one or more of the _________
solutes
Energy derived from the random motion of molecules.
Heat
substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy required for the chemical reaction; like an Enzyme
Catalyst
What is the net ATP gain from Glycolysis?
2 ATP
Differentiate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Prokaryote cells do not have a nucleus nor internal organeles; Eukaryote cells do have a nucleus & internal organelles & are larger than prokaryote cells.
Differentiate between Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) and Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER).
Rough ER is studded with ribosomes & Smooth ER does not contain ribosomes.
The plasma membrane is a thin sheet of lipid molecules embedded with
proteins
The study of energy
Thermodynamics
Protein that acts as a biological catalyst
Enzyme
Which of the part of the cellular respiration process takes place in the cytoplasm?
Glycolysis
What is/are the functions of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?
Functions to synthesize proteins.
If a cell has the same internal concentration of dissolved molecules as its outside environment, the cell's condition is referred to as being
isotonic
loss of electrons
Oxidation
reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction
Substrate
Fermentation occurs....?
When oxygen is NOT present in anaerobic cellular respiration.
What is/are the functions of the Golgi Apparatus?
Functions to sort, modify, & package proteins & lipid.
Transport of a solute across a membrane where the solute is going up its concentration gradient and using protein carriers driven by the expenditure of chemical energy, is known as
active transport
gain of electrons
Reduction
A substance that binds to an enzyme and lower its activity
Inhibitor
How many pyruvates are produced from ONE glucose molecule?
2
What is a lysosome and what are the functions of a lysosome?
Bags of digestive enzymes; digest waste products & things no longer needed by the cell, even the cell itself.
A type of molecule movement of that is specific and passive and becomes saturated if all of the protein carriers are in use:
facilitated diffusion
Energy cannot be created or destroyed. It can only change form to another
First Law of thermodynamics
Final product acts as a non-competitive inhibitor of the first enzyme
Feedback inhibition
Where does the Kreb Cycle occur?
The matrix of the mitochondria.
What is a Central Vacuole and where are they found?
Found in plants & stores compounds produced by the cell.
The entropy of the universe is always increasing. Energy is lost as heat
Second Law of Thermodynamics
total of all chemical reactions carried out by an organism
Metabolism
What is the storage form of energy called?
ATP
Reactions that expend energy to form or transform chemicals
Anabolism
Steps of Anaerobic Cellular Respiration
Glycolysis, Fermentation
Reactions that harvest energy by breaking chemical bonds
Catabolism
Definition of Cellular Respiration
The process of breaking the chemical bonds of glucose into energy. Breaking chemical bonds releases electrons.
A process in which a protein unravels, losing its specific structure and hence function; can be caused by changes in pH or salt concentration or by high temperature.
Denaturation
Products of Aerobic Cellular Respiration
6CO2 +6H2O + Energy (30-36 ATP)