B13.1 Coordination and Response
State the names of the two parts of the central nervous system. .................................................................. and ..................................................................
brain and spinal cord
Identify the hormone, released by the pancreas, that turns glucose into glycogen.
insulin
The pancreas stops secreting glucagon when the level of blood glucose returns to a safe normal. Name the scientific term for this mechanism.
Negative feedback
What is a drug?
Any substance taken into the body that changes or affects the chemical reactions in the body.
Vaccination can be used to trigger an active immune response. Various methods of vaccination are possible; however, it is vital that the vaccine contains the _____
on the surface of the pathogen.
Antigens
Complete the missing steps in the reflex arc:____
→ sensory neurone → relay neurone → ____
neurone → effector
receptors cell
motor neuron
Identify the names of the hormones created by the testes and the ovaries.
Testosterone, oestrogen
If blood glucose concentration is low, what is released by the pancreas causing the concentration to rise ?
Glucagon
Which types of disease are antibiotics able to treat?
bacterial infections
Identify structure A and B on the diagram.
A - antibody, B - antigen
Outline the main difference between the Central nervous system and the Peripheral nervous system.
The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord and is responsible for coordinating all reactions and nervous communication around the body. While the PNS are nerves in the other parts, which are responsible for transmitting the impulses from the CNS to all parts of the body.
Describe fully what a hormone is and the role of the endocrine system.
Hormone:
Chemical substance
Produced by glands
Carried by the blood
Alters the activity of one or more specific target organs
Endocrine system:
Series of glands that produce hormones
On a hot sunny day the body temperature increases.
Describe how the body responds to reduce body temperature.
increased sweat / increased sweating ; vasodilation / description of vasodilation / arterioles widen ; hairs lie flat ;
Describe why antibiotics cannot be used to attack viruses.
They do not have cell membranes or cell walls, and they do not reproduce by dividing.
The flu virus has antigens on its surface. Proteins with a specific shape bind to antigens. These proteins are called ................................................ . This causes the virus to be destroyed or marked for engulfing by ................................................ . After the infection, a human has ................................................ immunity to the flu virus.
1. antibodies ;
2. phagocytes ;
3. active ;
Complete the diagram.
Receptor in the skin
Effector
Sensory neurone
Relay neuron
Identify 3 effects adrenaline has on the body and describe each of their purposes.
1. Increased heart rate: increase the delivery of glucose and oxygen to muscles around the body
2. Increased breathing rate: increase the supply of oxygen into the blood and remove carbon dioxide from the blood
3. Dilated pupils: allow in more light to the retinas
After exercise, arterioles in the skin become ____ ; this process is called ____. This results in more blood going through the surface capillaries so more heat is lost from the _____.
Widen
Vasodiliation
Skin / surface
What is the process of antibiotic resistance an example of?
Natural selection
What is the difference between an antigen and an antibody ?
An antibody is a protein made by lymphocytes which is complementary to an antigen. While an antigen is a molecule that the immune system recognizes as foreign (usually found on the surface of a pathogen).
State the three types of neurons and explain their function
Sensory neurones carry impulses from sense organs to the CNS (brain or spinal cord)
Relay neurones are found inside the CNS and connect sensory and motor neurones
Motor neurones carry impulses from the CNS to effectors (muscles or glands)
Identify endocrine glands C-F on the diagram and describe uses of the hormones they produce.
C: Adrenal glands - adrenaline, which is the hormone secreted in ‘fight or flight’ situations and causes heart rate and breathing rate to increase and pupils to dilate
D: pancreas - Insulin, which causes cells in the liver to remove glucose from the blood and store it as glycogen, AND glucagon, which stimulates the breakdown of stored glycogen, releasing more glucose into the blood
E: ovary/ovaries - oestrogen, which controls the development of the reproductive system and the development of secondary sexual characteristics
F: testes/testicles - testosterone, which shares the same functions as oestrogen
Complete the diagram
Hair
Sweat gland
Hair erector muscle
Receptor
Blood vessels
Sensory neurone
Fatty tissue
Explain why overusing antibiotics can lead to bacteria like MRSA becoming more common.
Overusing antibiotics exposes bacteria to the drugs unnecessarily, allowing resistant bacteria to survive and reproduce, while non-resistant bacteria die. This makes antibiotic-resistant infections more common and harder to treat.
What is the difference between an antigen and an antibody ?
Organise the following steps into a correct technique for vaccination of a village: (Answer using numbers only.)
Injection of children with a harmless pathogen with a similar antigen
Long-term immunity acquired
Specialised lymphocytes produce antibodies
Less spreading of the pathogen among the population
Memory cells are produced
1, 3, 5, 2, 4