Glycogen metabolism
This part of glycogen is responsible for 10% of glycogen being broken down into free glucose
What are the branch points?
The citric acid cycle oxidizes acetyl CoA to this molecule
What is CO2?
This cofactor is often used in decarboxylation reactions once the ylid forms
What is TPP?
The two enzymes unique to this pathway
What are isocitrate lyase and malate synthase?
This drives ATP synthesis
What is the proton (or electrochemical) gradient?
The allosteric activator of glycogen synthase
What is glucose-6-phosphate?
This number of reduced energy carriers are produced each cycle of the citric acid cycle
What are 3 NADH and 1 FADH2?
This cofactor is involved in removing an acetyl group from lipoamide
What is CoASH?
The molecule that two acetyl CoAs are converted to before entering TCA cycle
What is succinate?
As the electrons are transferred to different redox centers the standard reduction potential does this
What is increase?
With more phosphorylation this enzyme is activated
What is glycogen phosphorylase?
These three enzymes regulate the rate of the citric acid cycle
What are citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase?
This cofactor is often involved in transferring acyl groups via its disulfide
What is lipoamide or lipoic acid?
Mammals lack this pathway so they are unable to directly use these biomacromolecules to synthesize glucose?
What are lipids?
The electrons that reduce FAD+ come from this molecule
What is succinate?
This enzyme is important because it forms a primer of carbohydrates
What is glycogenin?
High concentrations of ADP increase the activity of this enzyme
What is isocitrate dehydrogenase?
This cofactor is added to reoxidize the reduced disulfide bond in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
What is NAD+?
These enzymes are found in both the glyoxysome and the mitochondrion
What are malate dehydrogenase and citrate synthase?
This is the only complex that is not functioning at near equilibrium driving the equilibrium forward
What is complex IV?
This enzyme activates glycogen phosphorylase
What is phosphorylase kinase?
This hormone decreases the rate of the citric acid cycle but activates pyruvate dehydrogenase via dephosphorylation
What is insulin?
This reaction in the TCA cycle requires the same cofactors as PDH complex
What is alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase?
This cycle helps microbes and plants live off of this molecule
What is acetate (or acetyl CoA)?
If only ATP synthase is inhibited, oxygen can still undergo this process
What is reduction?