Weldes
Weldes argues that crises are constructed through _________ and _________
"Interpretation" and "Representation"
What country is the main case study in Doty’s article?
The Philippines
According to Campbell, danger is not simply discovered: it is produced through what?
Interpretation
According to our synthesis, threats, crises, and dangers do not simply ________ for themselves.
Speak
Which president gave the October 22, 1962 speech?
John F. Kennedy
According to Weldes, the same event can produce different _________.
Meanings
Instead of only asking why a policy happened, what type of question does Doty emphasize?
A “how-possible” question
Campbell argues that political identity is often defined through a contrast between the Self and the ________.
Other
What three things help produce political meaning across the readings?
Interpretation, representation, and discourse
Kennedy calls Cuba’s relationship with the USSR “foreign domination.” What word could make that relationship sound more voluntary?
Alliance
According to Weldes, _________ shapes how a state interprets what counts as dangerous.
State Identity
According to Doty, what helps produce meanings and shape how political actors are understood?
Discourse / discursive practices
According to Campbell, representations of danger help construct not only enemies, but also what?
The identity of the state itself
What does foreign policy help define by distinguishing between “we” and “they”?
Political identity / the Self and the Other
A state describes itself as “responsible and rational” while describing another state as “dangerous and irrational.” What relationship is being created?
A Self/Other distinction
How can a crisis help reinforce a state’s identity, according to Weldes?
By reproducing ideas about who the state is, for example, presenting the U.S. as strong and the defender of freedom.
In Doty’s analysis, how was the United States generally positioned in relation to the Philippines?
As rational and knowledgeable, and able to guide or judge the Philippines
Why are representations of danger politically important for Campbell?
Because they help define who belongs, who is outside, and who or what is seen as threatening
According to our synthesis, why does representation matter for policy?
Because it shapes which responses seem possible, reasonable, legitimate, or necessary
One state calls a military action “protection,” while another calls the exact same action “aggression.” What does this show?
The same action can be given different meanings through representation
According to Weldes, why does it matter which interpretation of a crisis becomes dominant?
Because the dominant interpretation can make certain policy responses seem necessary or legitimate while pushing alternative interpretations aside.
Why does Doty argue that discourse matters for foreign policy?
Because it helps make certain policies seem reasonable or necessary while limiting other possibilities
What broader relationship does Campbell identify between foreign policy and identity?
Foreign policy helps produce and maintain political identity by defining difference and danger
Complete the overall connection we made across all three readings: representation helps construct the ________, shapes ________, and influences which responses appear legitimate or necessary.
Threat; identities; policy responses
You have a real material threat. Name two things political language can shape about how that threat is understood.