A2.2 Cell Structure
This structure is found in all cells and controls movement of substances.
What is the cell membrane?
This organelle is the site of ATP production.
What is the mitochondrion?
These molecules formed from inorganic substances on early Earth.
What are organic molecules?
These are undifferentiated cells that can develop into other cell types.
What are stem cells?
This molecule stores genetic information.
What is DNA?
This process produces identical copies of DNA.
What is DNA replication?
These are acellular infectious agents.
What are viruses?
This process allows DNA to be amplified in a lab.
What is PCR?
This country is famous for inventing pizza.
What is Italy?
These cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
What are prokaryotic cells?
These structures are the site of protein synthesis.
What are ribosomes?
This hypothesis suggests RNA was the first genetic material.
What is the RNA world hypothesis?
This process turns unspecialised cells into specialised ones.
What is differentiation?
These are the monomers of nucleic acids.
What are nucleotides?
This enzyme unwinds DNA.
What is helicase?
This protein coat surrounds viral genetic material.
What is a capsid?
This structure forms when DNA wraps around histone proteins.
What is a nucleosome?
This Disney princess has a pet chameleon named Pascal.
Who is Rapunzel?
The resolution of a microscope is limited by this property of light.
What is wavelength?
This organelle modifies and packages proteins.
What is the Golgi apparatus?
This structure allowed early cells to maintain internal conditions.
What is a phospholipid bilayer (membrane)?
These signalling molecules form gradients to control cell fate.
What are morphogens?
This type of bond joins nucleotides together.
What is a phosphodiester bond?
This process separates DNA fragments by size.
What is gel electrophoresis?
This cycle results in host cell bursting.
What is the lytic cycle?
This strand of DNA is synthesised continuously.
What is the leading strand?
This athlete has won the most Olympic gold medals in history.
Who is Michael Phelps?
This type of microscope provides higher resolution by using electrons instead of light.
What is an electron microscope?
This concept allows different chemical reactions to occur simultaneously in a cell.
What is compartmentalisation?
This organism represents the common ancestor of all life.
What is LUCA?
This ratio limits cell size and affects diffusion efficiency.
What is surface area to volume ratio?
This rule states that A pairs with T and C pairs with G.
What is Chargaff’s rule?
This phase of mitosis aligns chromosomes at the equator.
What is metaphase?
This form of viral DNA is integrated into the host genome.
What is a prophage?
This type of stem cell can form all cell types except extra-embryonic.
What is a pluripotent stem cell?
This mountain, located in Tanzania, is the tallest free-standing mountain in the world.
What is Mount Kilimanjaro?
This measurement determines the ability of a microscope to distinguish two nearby structures as separate objects.
What is resolution?
This process ensures proteins are sent to the correct location within a cell.
What is protein targeting?
This theory explains the origin of mitochondria from engulfed bacteria.
What is endosymbiosis?
This specialised environment controls stem cell behaviour.
What is a stem cell niche?
These strands run in opposite directions in DNA.
What does antiparallel mean?
This term describes replication where one strand is old and one is new.
What is semi-conservative replication?
This type of evolution explains similar viral features arising independently.
What is convergent evolution?
This feature explains why viruses must infect host cells to reproduce.
What is lack of metabolic machinery (obligate intracellular parasitism)?
This planet has the shortest day in the Solar System.
What is Jupiter?