Sodium (Na⁺)
Normal sodium range?
135–145 mEq/L
Normal potassium range?
3.5–5.0 mEq/L
Normal calcium range?
8.5–10.5 mg/dL
A patient with diarrhea is at risk for loss of which electrolyte?
Potassium
First nursing action for suspected electrolyte imbalance.
Check labs & assess vital signs
Hyponatremia is often caused by...
Fluid overload, diuretics, diarrhea, vomiting
Hypokalemia often occurs after prolonged use of this type of medication
Loop diuretics (e.g., furosemide)
Two classic signs of hypocalcemia (spasm tests).
Chvostek’s & Trousseau’s signs
A patient with renal failure is most at risk for which imbalance?
Hyperkalemia
Safe potassium IV administration rule.
Never IV push; max rate 10 mEq/hr
Key symptom of hypernatremia.
Thirst / neurological changes (confusion, seizures)
Classic EKG change in hyperkalemia.
Peaked T waves
Hypercalcemia is most often caused by this endocrine disorder.
Hyperparathyroidism
A marathon runner collapses after sweating heavily and only drinking water. Which imbalance is likely?
Hyponatremia
What foods could you advise a patient who is low in Ca+ to eat?
Kale, celery, flax seeds, broccoli, collard greens, spinach
A patient had severe hyponatremia with seizures. What are some safety interventions for seizures?
Lay patient flat with something to cushion head, remove hard objects, do not try to restrict them.
Causes of hypokalemia?
diarrhea, decreased intake, vomiting, hyperglycemia
Other causes of hypocalcemia?
Vitamin D deficiency, malnutrition, CKD
Patient with bone metastases develops confusion and constipation. Which imbalance?
Hypercalcemia
Best diet choice for hypokalemia.
Bananas, oranges, spinach, potatoes
Treatment for hyponatremia includes what?
Limiting fluid intake, IV fluids
What are symptoms of hyperkalemia?
heart palpitations, numbness and tingling, muscle weakness
Nursing intervention for hypercalcemia caused by immobility.
Encourage ambulation & increase fluids
Which imbalance should you watch for in a patient with NG suction on continuous suctioning?
Hypokalemia & metabolic alkalosis
Medication given to lower high potassium by removing it via GI tract.
Kayexalate (sodium polystyrene sulfonate)