Sodium (Na⁺)
Normal sodium range?
135–145 mEq/L
Normal potassium range?
3.5–5.0 mEq/L
Normal calcium range?
8.5–10.5 mg/dL
A patient with diarrhea is at risk for loss of which electrolyte?
Potassium
First nursing action for suspected electrolyte imbalance.
Check labs & assess vital signs
Hyponatremia is often caused by this IV fluid given in excess.
Hypotonic fluids
Hypokalemia often occurs after prolonged use of this type of medication
Loop diuretics (e.g., furosemide)
Two classic signs of hypocalcemia (spasm tests).
Chvostek’s & Trousseau’s signs
A patient with renal failure is most at risk for which imbalance?
Hyperkalemia
Safe potassium IV administration rule.
Never IV push; max rate 10 mEq/hr
Key symptom of hypernatremia.
Thirst / neurological changes (confusion, seizures)
Classic EKG change in hyperkalemia.
Peaked T waves
Hypercalcemia is most often caused by this endocrine disorder.
Hyperparathyroidism
A marathon runner collapses after sweating heavily and only drinking water. Which imbalance is likely?
Hyponatremia
What fluid would you give for hypernatremia?
Hypotonic fluids (0.45% NS or D5W)
Priority intervention for severe hyponatremia with seizures.
Administer hypertonic saline (3% NaCl) cautiously
Which electrolyte imbalance increases risk of digoxin toxicity?
Hypokalemia
Symptom unique to hypocalcemia compared to other imbalances.
Tetany / laryngospasm risk
Patient with bone metastases develops confusion and constipation. Which imbalance?
Hypercalcemia
Best diet choice for hypokalemia.
Bananas, oranges, spinach, potatoes
Patient on SSRIs is at risk for which sodium imbalance?
Hyponatremia (SIADH risk)
Priority emergency intervention for serum K⁺ of 7.0 with EKG changes.
Administer IV calcium gluconate (to stabilize cardiac membrane)
Nursing intervention for hypercalcemia caused by immobility.
Encourage ambulation & increase fluids
Which imbalance should you watch for in a patient with NG suction on continuous suctioning?
Hypokalemia & metabolic alkalosis
Medication given to lower high potassium by removing it via GI tract.
Kayexalate (sodium polystyrene sulfonate)