Green Revolution
Modernization Theory
The Dependency Perspective
World Systems Theory
Wild Card
100
This American agronomist is considered 'the father' of the Green Revolution
Who is Norman Borlaug?
100
This American economist founded the 5 Stages of Economic Development, part of the larger Modernization Theory discourse.
Who is Walt Rostow?
100
What is ISI?
Import Substitution Industrialization is an economic policy aimed at reducing dependence on foreign imports by fostering domestic industries. It involves protecting local industries through tariffs, subsidies, and trade barriers to encourage local production and economic self-sufficiency.
100
According to Wallerstein, what’s the essential feature of the capitalist world system?
The essential feature of the capitalist world system is its division of labor between a wealthy, industrialized core and an exploited, underdeveloped periphery. This unequal relationship ensures that wealth and resources flow from the periphery to the core through mechanisms like unequal trade, exploitation of labor, and control over global markets, perpetuating the dominance of core countries.
100
What happens in the technological-industrial phase, according to dos Santos?
According to Theotonio dos Santos, in the technological-industrial phase, countries in the Global South become dependent on advanced industrialized nations for technology, capital, and expertise. This phase is marked by unequal technological exchange, where developing countries are pressured to import high-cost technology and industrial products while exporting low-value raw materials.
200
When did the Green Revolution begin?
The Green Revolution began in the 1940s and intensified during the 1950s and 1960s.
200
What are the 2nd and 4th stages of development in Rostow's model?
2nd stage: Pre-conditions for take-off.
4th stage: Drive to maturity.
200
Why did Raul Prebisch think countries in the Global South should pursue ISI?
Raúl Prebisch believed countries in the Global South should pursue ISI because of the structural inequalities in the global economy, where developing countries exported raw materials and imported manufactured goods. He argued that terms of trade tended to deteriorate over time for commodity-exporting countries, leading to declining revenues and economic dependency. By promoting ISI, he believed developing countries could build their own industries, diversify their economies, and reduce reliance on the exploitative international market.
200
What are the three types of countries in Wallerstein's World Systems Theory? Give an example of a country for each type.
Core, Semi-Periphery, and Periphery.
200
According to Cardoso and Faletto, is development possible under dependency?
According to Cardoso and Faletto, you can develop under dependency if you define development as the accumulation of capital. However, it will not address social issues.
300
Why was modernization of the agricultural sector seen as necessary?
Modernization of the agricultural sector was seen as necessary to boost economic growth, free up the labour force, increase food production, and integrate countries into the global market.
300
What are the 1st, 3rd, and 5th stages in Rostow's development model?
1st stage: Traditional society
3rd stage: Take-off.
5th stage: Age of high mass consumption.
300
What were Frank’s critiques of Modernization theory?
Frank argued that Modernization Theory ignored the historical exploitation and structural inequalities imposed by colonialism and global capitalism. He contended that underdevelopment was not a stage before development but rather a consequence of capitalist exploitation where wealth flowed from the Global South to the Global North. Frank’s Dependency Theory emphasized that the integration of developing countries into the global economy perpetuated their underdevelopment through unequal trade relationships and economic dependency.
300
What are some of the ways that states can create quasi-monopolies and what leads to the end of the quasi-monopolies?
States create quasi-monopolies through mechanisms like patents, subsidies, tariffs, state-backed corporations, and military intervention to protect specific industries and maintain economic dominance. Quasi-monopolies end when other states or corporations successfully enter the market, increasing competition, reducing profitability, and ultimately breaking the monopoly. Additionally, technological diffusion and changing geopolitical conditions can undermine these quasi-monopolies.
300
What are the various components of the Green Revolution package?
The Green Revolution package included HYV seeds, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation systems, mechanization, and technical assistance/credit to boost agricultural productivity and efficiency.
400
Where was the Green Revolution implemented after WWII?
After WWII, the Green Revolution spread from Mexico in the 1940s to India, Pakistan, and the Philippines in the 1960s. Generally, it was attempted in Latin America, Asia, and Africa at large. However, it was less successful in Sub-Saharan Africa due to diverse ecosystems, poor infrastructure, and limited access to resources.
400
What does Lipset argue?
Lipset argues that the potential for development is shaped by both structural conditions and cultural factors. Structural conditions provide the possibility for development, but whether this possibility becomes a reality depends on cultural factors. Specifically, Lipset highlights three key points:
- Structural conditions create the foundation for development, but cultural factors determine whether this potential is realized.
- The preservation of traditional values that oppose systematic capital accumulation can hinder development.
- Reforming the educational system to promote modern values and emphasize the study of sciences is essential for fostering development.
400
What does dos Santos say are the three historical forms of dependence?
Colonial Dependence, Financial-Industrial Dependence, and Technological-Industrial Dependence.
400
Who can draw Wallerstein's World System Theory on the black board, paying particular attention to the flow of resources?
400
How were the Green Revolution technologies introduced in Central and South America?
The Green Revolution technologies were introduced to Central and South America primarily through land reform and financing mechanisms such as the Rockefeller Foundation's Mexican Agriculture Program (MAP) and later through state partnerships and international agricultural research networks.
500
What were the various outcomes of the Green Revolution?
The Green Revolution led to increased food production, reduced hunger in some regions, and economic growth for large-scale farmers.
However, it also caused social inequality, as small farmers struggled to afford new technologies. Environmental degradation emerged from overuse of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and water resources. Additionally, reliance on monocultures reduced crop diversity and undermined traditional farming practices.
500
What are the main critiques of Modernization Theory?
1. Ethnocentrism: Assumes Western-style development is universal, ignoring cultural and social differences.
2. Overemphasis on Linear Progress: Suggests a one-size-fits-all path to development, overlooking unique historical and structural factors.
3. Dependency and Inequality: Fails to address how global power imbalances perpetuate inequality and underdevelopment.
4. Neglect of Power Dynamics: Ignores the impact of colonialism and unequal power structures on development.
5. Environmental and Social Consequences: Overlooks the environmental and social costs of industrialization and economic growth.
500
What are two situations of dependency that Cardoso and Faletto identify?
1. Productive system is nationally controlled. Capital originates internally and products are exported.
Example: Guatemalan Coffee Industry
2. Productive system is foreign controlled. Enclave economy– capital originates externally and products are exported. Contemporary dependent industrializing countries and capital often originates externally (MNCs) and products are sold internally.
Example: Volkswagen opening production in Brazil and selling automobiles to Brazilians.
500
What was the geoculture that emerged after the French Revolution and why does he say that geoculture fell apart?
The geoculture that emerged after the French Revolution was liberalism, which promoted ideas like individual rights, constitutionalism, free markets, and gradual reform within the capitalist world system. It aimed to provide ideological coherence to the system by balancing demands for equality and freedom without disrupting capitalist accumulation.
Wallerstein argues that this geoculture fell apart in the late 20th century due to growing contradictions between the rhetoric of equality and the persistence of inequality, as well as the decline of liberalism’s ability to manage social conflicts and maintain legitimacy in the face of rising anti-systemic movements and economic crises.
500
What are the 3 trends Wallerstein says are creating a structural crisis of accumulation in the world system? Explain each.
Rising costs of production, rising cost of labor, and increasing taxes.