Arguments
This is the definition of "argument" that we have been using in class all semester.
Some number of premises put forward in favor of a conclusion.
Mill's Methods are intended to demonstrate a relationship between ______ and ______.
Cause and effect
Name the method:
TUVX --> Y
TUV- --> ~Y
The method of difference
The fallacy based on the idea that since A happened before B, A must have caused B
A representative sample of a population needs to have two characteristics (name at least one).
Large and randomized
This kind of argument is intended to show that its conclusion is guaranteed.
A deductive argument
This method is based on finding a commonality in a wide range of varied situations that lead to a common effect.
The method of agreement.
Name the method:
PQX --> Y
XRE --> Y
ABX --> Y
The method of agreement
The fallacy based on the idea that if something is true of some members of a population, it must be true of all or most members of the population.
Hasty generalization
This bias is a tendency to easily find evidence in favor on one's views and a difficulty finding evidence against one's views.
Confirmation bias
This kind of argument is intended to show that its conclusion is probably true.
An inductive argument
This method is based on comparing the case where a cause is absent and the case where a cause is present to determine if that has some influence on the outcome.
The method of difference
Name the method:
A + B caused X
A caused part of X
So, B caused the rest of X
The method of residues
This fallacy is based on the idea that if someone is an expert, then they must be right or are probably right.
Appeal to authority
This bias is the tendency for events to appear more common if they are easy to remember, or if it is easy to think of examples.
The availability heuristic
When an inductive argument has premises that support its conclusion, but the premises may or may not be true, it is this kind of argument.
A strong argument
This method is based on the idea that differences in the quantity of a cause influences the quantity of the effect.
The method of concomitant variation
Name the method:
J K More X --> More Y
J K Moderate X --> Moderate Y
J K Less X --> Less Y
The method of concomitant variation.
This fallacy is based on the idea that if a claim cannot be proven false, then it is probably true.
Appeal to ignorance
This bias is based on a tendency for events to seem more likely after they have already happened.
Hindsight bias
When a strong inductive argument has all true premises, it is this kind of argument.
A cogent argument
This method is based on an inference about partial causal contributions.
The method of residues.
The full name of the philosopher who created Mill's Methods
John Stuart Mill
This fallacy (that we did not discuss much in class) is based on the idea that if something is true of most members of a population, it must be true of each member of a population.
Accident
According to this theorem, a randomized sample tends to become more representative the larger it becomes.
The Central Limit Theorem