History
Important event in this history of organic agriculture in the US in 1990
What is Congress passed the Organic Foods Production Act (OFPA)
Top two organic crops in terms of sales in US
What are apples and lettuce?
What is 1) consolidation of farms, approximately half number of licensed herds with double the number of cows, and 2) increases in milk/cow and total production
Reported to be found in higher levels of children who eat conventional compared with organic diets
What are organophosphate pesticide metabolites?
Author and book published in 1962 that sparked concern over pesticide use
What is "Silent Spring" by Rachel Carson?
Formulated and wrote about the "Law of Return"
Who is Albert Howard?
State that ranked #1 in terms of number of certified organic dairy farms in 2019
What is New York?
Difference between organic and conventional dairy in terms of economics
What is organic diary farmers have greater costs, but received received higher prices and have higher returns over costs?
What is 8 to 25% lower?
Name and year of first publication from USDA on organic agriculture
What is 'Report and Recommendations on Organic Farming' (1980)?
Person credited with popularizing the term "regenerative agriculture". Wrote the first journal article with the term in 1983.
Who is Robert Rodale?
Top organic product sold in US in terms of sales
What is organic milk?
State that ranks #2 in terms of organic dairy farms
What is Wisconsin?
Main take home message of the Reganold and Wachter 2016 paper that is illustrated by the flower diagram (Figure 4)
What is organic farming systems in the context of sustainability metrics better balance multiple sustainability goals than their conventional counterparts?
Year that IFOAM was founded
What is 1972?
Wrote Farmers of Forty Centuries
Who is FH King?
Keys to soil health
What are:
• Limit soil disturbance
• Keep the soil covered
• Have live roots growing throughout the year
• Use crop diversity to increase soil diversity
• Integrate livestock
• Consider farm context
Minimum number of days an organic cow must graze on pasture
What is 120 days?
Four obstacles to farmers adopting organic agriculture
What are 1) powerful vested interests and existing policies, 2) a lack of information and knowledge, 3) weak infrastructure and other economic challenges, and 4) misperceptions and cultural biases?
Five things prohibited in organic agriculture
What are 1) irradiation, 2) sewage sludge, 3) genetic engineering, 4) antibiotics, and 5) synthetic pesticides and fertilizers?
Year final NOP regulations were implemented?
What is 2002?
Number of certified organic operations in US (as of January 24, 2024). Includes processors in addition to farms.
What is 27,006?
Two states with greatest organic milk production (not discussed in lecture)
What are California and Texas?
The acronym IFOAM
What is the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM)
Two main crop production constraints in organic agriculture
What are weed management and supplying enough nitrogen to the crop