What's in a Sample?
Aspects of Bias
Research Results
Magnitude of Risk
What's in a study design?
100
This refers to the set guidelines for eliminating a potential subject. (p. 65)
What are exclusion criteria?
100
These are extraneous factors unequally distributed among groups being compared. (p. 75)
What are confounding variables?
100
Through this assignment to groups by chance, the researcher is better able to determine the effect of the intervention.
What is randomization?
100
This phrase refers to the difference between the control and intervention groups. Its use is appropriate when the researcher is interested in reducing harmful events, such as premature death. (p. 60)
What is absolute risk reduction (or absolute difference)?
100
This research methodology creates groups so similar that any observed difference in outcome is thought to be due to the intervention.
What are randomized controlled trials?
200
This refers to the set guidelines for characteristics that define eligible subjects. (p. 65)
What are inclusion criteria?
200
This occurs when subjects are either offered or not offered an intervention in a non-randomized study. (p.78)
What is channeling bias?
200
This is said to be true when the results of the instrument used in the study measures what it was intended to measure.
What is validity?
200
This is a short phrase that the researcher is interested in when looking for increasing beneficial events, such as wound healing, (p. 60)
What is absolute benefit increase?
200
The groups in this less rigorous type of study are selected by the participant or the researcher rather than by randomization.
What is a cohort study? (aka longitudinal/prospective)
300
This phrase refers to the number of subjects treated over a specific period of time it takes to achieve one additional good outcome; It is the inverse of the absolute risk reduction. (p. 67)
What is the number needed to treat (NNT)?
300
This occurs when intervention subjects remember detailed information the control subjects do not. (p. 79)
What is recall bias?
300
If this is small, the results of the outcome can be skewed. If this is large, randomization can better work to demonstrate how the intervention had an effect.
What is sample size?
300
This is the most commonly reported measure of dichotomous (meaning yes or no) intervention effects, usually expressed in a percentage. The greater the percentage, the more effective the intervention. (p. 60)
What is relative risk reduction (or relative difference)?
300
This terms means the probability that an effect is not due to chance alone. (p. 52)
What is significance?
400
This means the degree to which results of a study can be applied to other settings or samples (p. 65)
What is generalizability?
400
When there is greater probing by the researcher with the intervention group than with the control group. (p. 79)
What is interviewer bias?
400
In this situation, the value of randomization is maintained as researchers consider all the outcomes of the randomized individuals rather than focusing on the intervention received.
What is intention to treat principle?
400
Known as the proportional increase rates of good outcomes between experimental and control participants. (NIH definition)
What is relative benefit increase?
400
The participants in this study are selected because they have already developed the outcome being selected.
What are case control studies?
500
This means the proportion of study participants in a group in which an event is observed (p. 59)
What is the event rate?
500
A researcher reports a conclusion because he/she was looking for it, aka ‘if you build it they will come’. (p. 79)
What is surveillance (or detection) bias?
500
In this situation, the value of randomization is maintained as researchers consider all the outcomes of the randomized individuals rather than focusing on the intervention received.
What is a placebo effect?
500
A type of relative risk that occurs across time (ex: a patient’s wound healing faster following a treatment intervention) p.60
What is a hazard ratio?
500
This type of study looks at the research to answer a specific clinical question using methods that will reduce bias.
What is a systematic review?
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