Renal
Name the region on the nephron where phosphate is secreted.
Proximal convoluted tubule
At what vertebral level would you find transverse foramina and a bifid spinous process?
Cervical vertebrae
A lesion at the optic chiasm will produce what type of visual field defect?
Bitemporal hemianopia
Medial epicondyle of humerus
Identify some physical exam findings of asthma.
- Boggy nasal mucosae and signs of atopy
- Hyperresonant lung fields
On which region(s) of the nephron does spironolactone act?
Late distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct.
How does oestrogen protect against osteoporosis?
Inhibits RANKL signalling and promotes osteoprotegerin gene transcription
Aphasia and hemiplegia together are signs of occlusion of which cerebral vessel?
Middle cerebral artery
The anterior carotid artery adjoins which wall of the inner ear?
Anterior wall
What is the net yield ATP gained from each cycle of glycolysis?
2 net ATP molecules
Which renal mechanism involves active transport to create an osmotic gradient? Countercurrent multipler/countercurrent exchanger
Countercurrent multipler.
Etanercept inhibits which interleukin via scavenging?
TNF-alpha
During the micturition phase, does voiding occur when the pelvic splanchnic nerves are firing or inactive?
Firing. (as long as the pudendal nerve and the sympathetic nerves are inhibited)
The posterior limb of the internal capsule carries which tract?
Corticospinal tract
K+ channels
What effect will prostaglandin E2 have on the glomerular circulation?
Dilate the afferent arteriole
A child presents with an osteochondroma. Where on the bone does this tumour typically present, and is it usually benign or malignant?
Grows near metaphisis
Is Benign
Name five lower motor neuron signs.
1. Marked atrophy
2. Flaccid paralysis
3. Hyporeflexia
4. Observed fasciculations on physical exam
5. Plantar response when eliciting Babinksi sign.
Which nerve passes through the infra-orbital foramen?
Infra-orbital nerve, a branch of the maxillary nerve (V2)
- Transmural ulcers
- Distributed throughout the GIT, with a preponderance for the terminal ileum
- Skip lesions
- Granulomas
- Produces strictures and fibrosis, with thickened bowel wall
Which glomerular disease is characterised by anti-phospholipase 2 antibodies, as well as a 'spike-and-dome' pattern on electron microscopy?
Membranous nephropathy
Although the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis is a clinical one, name the laboratory marker that is highly specific for rheumatoid arthritis.
Anti-CCP antibodies.
A person with a brain haemorrhage had a CT which showed lentiform (lemon-shaped) opacity. What is the most likely source of the person's bleeding; arterial, venous or intraparenchymal?
Arterial
Regarding the venous drainage of the cerebrum, the confluence of sinuses drains blood from which to sinnuses?
Superior sagittal sinus
Straight sinus
Describe the pathophysiology of emphysema.
[I will check the answer :) ]