Misc. Diagnostic Tests
Venous Insuffiency
Vasc. Access for Hemodialysis
Lower Ext. Arterial
Miscellaneous
100
During this invasive imaging procedure, a catheter is inserted into a blood vessel in the arm or leg and guided to the desired location with the aid of X-ray. Contrast dye is injected through the catheter while X-rays of the arteries are taken.
What is "angiography (or arteriography)"?
100
Deep venous insufficiency occurs when the valves of the deep veins are damaged as a result of deep venous thrombosis (DVT). Due to reflux, the hydrostatic venous pressure in the lower extremity increases, causing this syndrome
What is "postphlebitic" syndrome?
100
These are the three basic kinds of vascular access for hemodialysis (name 2 of 3)
What are "arteriovenous fistula (AVF), arteriovenous graft (AVG), and dialysis catheter"?
100
The (superficial) femoral artery is contained in this canal in the middle third of the thigh
What is "adductor (or Hunter's)" canal?
100
Most of these devices can be used if the IVC diameter is smaller than 3 cm
What are "IVC filters"?
200
This term is used to describe the category of testing that includes segmental limb pressures, waveform analysis, digital pressures, exercise testing and reactive hyperemia
What is "indirect testing"?
200
This type of tissue break down is caused by venous reflux that is mostly confined to the superficial venous system
What are "venous ulcers"?
200
Flow volume is often calculated in hemodialysis patients with an AVF or AVG. When using pulsed wave Doppler to obtain flow volume, this must be set to be sufficiently large in order to include the entire luminal cross section.
What is "sample volume size"?
200
To accurately measure the size (length and width) and shape of an aneurysm, it should be evaluated in these two planes
What are "transverse and longitudinal"?
200
This is the most specific PWD sign of a pseudoaneurysm and is characterized by reversal of flow in the neck during diastole due to changes in pressure gradients. In systole the pressure is higher on the arterial end, thus blood flows into the pseudoaneurysm. During diastole, the pressure is higher in the pseudoaneurysm due to wall forces in the aneurysm sac secondary to distension and decreased arterial pressure.
What is a "yin yang, tardus parvus, or to and fro" pulsed Doppler waveform.
300
This is a limitation of segmental pressure measurement and pulse volume recording
What is "multiple stenoses located at or above the level of the pneumatic cuff may not be distinguished"?
300
These are some of the reasons why the valves in superficial veins can fail (name 2 of 4)
What are, "congenital tendencies, direct injury, superficial phlebitis, and excessive venous distension due to the influence of hormones (as in pregnancy)"?
300
Failure of an AV fistula results from stenotic lesions in the arterial inflow system or the venous outflow system. This system (of the two named above) is most commonly involved.
What is "venous outflow system"?
300
This pulsed Doppler criteria is associated with a sensitivity of 95% and a specificity of 100% for detection of stenosis of >50% diameter reduction
What is "a systolic velocity ratio of >2.0"?
300
This word is used to decribe any adverse condition inadvertently induced in a patient as a result of treatment by a physician or surgeon
What is "iatrogenic"?
400
These are contraindications to exercise treadmill testing of the lower extremities (name 3 of 6)
What are "rest pain, noncompressible vessels on a resting study, acute deep venous thrombosis, shortness of breath at rest or with minimal exertion, uncontrolled angina, or a physical disability that limits patient’s ability to ambulate on a treadmill"?
400
This is considered to be an abnormal venous reflux (retrograde venous blood flow) time
What is "> 0.5 seconds (some investigators use > 1 second)"?
400
This syndrome may occur after arm arteriovenous fistula. The most common symptoms include pain during dialysis, coolness, pain, and paresthesias.
What is "ischemic steal syndrome"?
400
These are some risk factor that need to be aggresively modified in patients with PAD (peripheral aterial disease) (name 3 of 6)
What are "hypertension, hyperlipidemia, sedentary lifestyle, smoking, diabetes, and glycemic control"?
400
This is an important but infrequent cause of serious disability among young adults and athletes with anomalous anatomic relationships between the popliteal artery and surrounding musculotendinous structures
What is "popliteal entrapment syndrome"?
500
An advantage of using this type of limb testing is the amplitudes are valid when examining calcified vessels because the test does not rely on occlusion of the calcified artery as is necessary for segmental pressure measurement
What is "pulse volume plethysmography"?
500
This technique is used prior to venous ablation and involves the injection of a dilute lidocaine into the tissue surrounding the vein. It has three purposes: the fluid absorbs the thermal energy around the vein to avoid injury to nearby tissue,the swollen tissue compresses the vein to ensure close contact of the vein walls with the laser or RF device and it acts as an analgesic.
What is the "tumescent" technique?
500
These are always present in the drainage vein from an AVF during hemodialysis, and cause a transient Doppler spectral signal lasting <300 ms, a fairly high amplitude unidirectional spectral signal, and a specific audible signal
What are "microemboli"?
500
These are some venous bypass graft abnormalities that can be detected with arterial duplex imaging even if disease is not obvious by changes in ankle pressures (name 3 of 5)
What are "myointimal stenosis, retained valve cusps, arteriovenous fistulas, degenerative aneurysmal formation, and low flow states"?
500
This describes the condition of inflammation and damage to blood vessels that supply the head area - particularly the large or medium arteries that branch from the neck and supply the temporal area, and may be partly due to a faulty immune response
What is "temporal arteritis"?
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