Structure and function of the Cardiovascular System
Structure of the Lymphatic System
Alterations in Cardiovascular Function
Alterations in Cardiovascular function
Alterations of CV function in Children
100
This side of the heart sends blood throughout the systemic circulation. (The other side sends blood to the lungs)
What is the left side of the heart?
100
A one way network of vessels that is important for fluid balance, immune function, and transport of lipids, hormones, and cytokines.
What is The Lymph system?
100
A superficial vein in which blood has pooled. Typically involve the saphenous veins of the legs and are distended, tortuous, and palpable. Caused by 1) Trauma to the saphenous veins that damages valves, or 2) gradual venous distention caused by the action of gravity on blood in the legs.
What are Varicose Veins?
100
Results when prolonged ischemia causes irreversible damage to the heart muscle. Sudden death can occur as a result of any of the acute coronary syndromes. In majority of cases, the decrease in coronary flow is the result of atherosclerotic Coronary Artery Disease (CAD). Other causes include coronary spasm and coronary artery embolism.
What is Myocardial Infarction? (MI, Heart attack)
100
a blue discoloration of the mucous membranes and nail beds, resulting from deoxygenated hemoglobin in the circulation.
What is Cyanosis?
200
Epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium, enclosed in a double walled membranous sac, the pericardium.
What are the layers of the heart wall?
200
In this pumpless system, a series of valves ensures one-way flow of the excess fluid toward the heart.
How does the Lymph system work?
200
Sustained inadequate venous return from the legs. Venous hypertension, circulatory stasis, and tissue hypoxia lead to inflammation. This causes fibrosclerotic remodeling of the skin and then ulceration. Symptoms include edema of the lower legs and hyperpigmentation of the skin of the feet and ankles. Venous stasis ulcers may develop.
What is Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI)/?
200
Form of acute coronary syndrome that results in reversible myocardial ischemia. Signals that artherosclerotic plaque has ruptured, and infarction may soon follow. Presents as chest pain, shortness of breath, diaphoresis, and anxiety.
What is Unstable Angina?
200
A vessel located between the junction of the main and left pulmonary arteries and the lesser curvature of the descending aorta. During fetal circulation, the PDA allows blood to shunt from the pulmonary artery to the aorta. At birth, it usually begins to constrict within a few hours of life. Closure is usually noted between 15 hours and 2 weeks of life. Failure of the PDA to close may result in a murmur, bounding pulses and signs and symptoms of pulmonary overcirculation. More common in pre term infants.
What is is Patent Ductus Arteriosis?
300
Parietal pericardium (outer layer), Viseral pericardium or epicardium (inner layer). Separated by a fluid-containing space called the pericardial cavity, filled with about 20 ml of pericardial fluid, which lubricates the membranes that line the cavity, enabling them to slideover one another with a minimum of friction as the heart beats.
What are the structures and function of the Pericardium?
300
Lymphatic vessels are compressed intermittently by contraction of skeletal muscles and by pulsatile expansion of an artery in the same sheath, and by contraction of the smooth muscles in the walls of the lymphatic vessel. There are right and left ducts that drain into the right and left subclavian veins.
What is the action that causes lymph to move? And where does the fluid go?
300
Refers to clot formation in the large veins, which may result in an embolus (traveling blood clot) to the pulmonary circulation (pulmonary embolus).
What is Deep Vein Thrombosis?
300
Acute inflammation of the pericardium. Often caused by viral infection. Other causes are MI, trauma, neoplasm, surgery, uremia, etc. Symptoms are Fever, myalgias, and malaise followed by sudden onset of severe chest pain that worsens with deep breath or lying down.
What is Acute Pericarditis?
300
A narrowing of the lumen of the aorta that impedes blood flow. Accounts for 8-10% of all congenital heart defects.
What is Coarctation of the Aorta (COA)?
400
right atrium,left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle The right side is low pressure pumping to the lungs, and the left side is high pressure pumping to the rest of the body. Atria are smaller and have thinner walls. The left side makes up much of the bulk of the heart.
What are the four chambers of the heart?
400
As lymph travels toward the thoracic ducts, it passes through lymph nodes clustered around the lymphatic vessels. The lymph nodes are sites of immune function and are ideally placed to sample fluid and cells moving from the periphery into the central circulation.
How does the immune function of lymph work?
400
Three factors that promote venous thrombosis: 1)venous stasis (immobility, obesity, plane travel, etc) 2)venous endothelial damage (trauma, meds) 3)Hypercoagulable states (inherited, malignancy, pregnancy)
What is the Triad of Virchow?
400
Results from the inability of the aortic valve leaflets to close properly during diastole.
What is Aortic Regurgitation?
400
refers to a condition in which athe aorta arises from the RV and the PA from the LV. Incompatible with life. Immediate surgical repair is indicated.
What is Transposition of the great arteries? (TGA)
500
Between each atria and ventricle, there is an atrioventricular valve. When the ventricles relax, these valves open and blood fills the ventricles. As pressure in the ventricle builds, those valves close so backflow does not occur into the atria, and the ventricles push blood through the Mitral (Bicuspid) Valve to the systemic circulation via the Aorta, and through the Tricuspid Valve to the lungs via the pulmonary artery. The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the systemic circulation and pumps it to the lungs where oxygen enters the blood and is sent to the left side of the heart via the pulmonary veins, where it is pumped to the body.
What are the Valves of the heart and how do they function?
500
Lymph flows slowly through the nodes which facilitates the phagocytosis of foreign substances within the node by antigen-presenting cells.
What is the immune function of lymph?
500
Positive family history, male gender, advanced age, black race, obesity, high sodium intake, low patassium, calcium, and magnesium intake, diabetes mellitus, labile blood pressure, cigarette smoking and heavy alcohol use.
What are risk factors for hypertension?
500
A systemic, inflammatory disease caused by a delayed immune response to infection with strep. Acute form is a febrile illness with inflammation of the joints,skin, nerves, and heart. If untreated, can cause scarring and deformity of cardiac structures, resulting in rheumatic heart disease (RHD).
What is Rheumatic Fever?
500
An epidemic in the United States and other countries. These children are at risk for other serious illnesses such as asthma, sleep apnea, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.
What is Obesity in Children?
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