Physical Methods
This method uses high pressure and steam to eliminate all microbes, including spores completely.
Autoclaving
This standard alcohol solution is a disinfectant that disrupts microbial membranes.
Ethanol
An antimicrobial enzyme produced in eggs, milk, and tears is active against gram-positive bacteria.
Lysozyme
This technique uses filters with tiny pores to remove microbes from liquids.
Filtration
This dry heat method utilizes high temperatures for extended periods to kill microbes. It is used for glassware and some powders.
Dry-heat Sterilization
Bleach is a strong disinfectant that uses this element as its active ingredient.
Chlorine
An iron-binding protein in milk.
Lactoferrin
Maintaining a clean and dry environment reduces places for microbes to grow. What is this primary prevention method called?
Sanitation
Low temperatures can slow or even halt microbial growth. Freezers use this principle.
Refrigeration or Freezing
These medications target specific bacteria and stop their growth or kill them. Used to treat infections.
Antibiotics
Differentiate between spices and herbs.
Spices are made from plant parts, while herbs are made from fresh or dried leaves.
Keeping good hygiene habits, like washing hands, removes microbes and prevents their spread. What is this practice called?
Handwashing
Salting or sugaring foods removes water, making it difficult for microbes to survive. What is this preservation technique?
Osmotic Pressure
Soaps and detergents break down bacterial membranes and lift them away from surfaces. What is their mode of action?
Surfactant action
Name some microbial species that are inhibited by cinnamon.
Bacillus subtilis, E. coli, Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus
Sunlight can kill some microbes through exposure to this type of radiation.
Solar radiation
This type of radiation disrupts microbial DNA, effectively killing them. Used for sanitizing surfaces and food.
UV Radiation
These natural antimicrobial compounds are found in garlic, ginger, and honey.
Antimicrobials
What is the allicin mode of action?
It is formed by allinase when garlic cells are disrupted and inhibits sulfhydryl-containing enzymes in bacteria.
Differentiate between sterilization and disinfection.
Sterilization destroys ALL microbes, including spores, while disinfection reduces the microbial load but may not eliminate all spores.