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Spells & Shakes
Who am I?
100
This primary headache disorder is characterized by unilateral, pulsating pain, photophobia, phonophobia, and is aggravated by physical activity.
What is migraine without aura?
100
Do you believe LKN was provided by EMS, during a stroke page?
What is No?
100
This basal ganglia structure is the primary site of dopaminergic degeneration in Parkinson’s disease.
What is the substantia nigra pars compacta?
100
The McDonald criteria for MS require dissemination in these two domains.
What is time or space?
100
his characteristic EEG pattern is seen in childhood absence epilepsy.
What are 3 Hz generalized spike-and-wave discharges?
100
Patients with chronic alcohol misuse and thiamine deficiency can develop this amnestic syndrome.
What is Korsakoff syndrome?
200
This trigeminal autonomic cephalalgia presents with severe unilateral orbital or temporal pain, ipsilateral lacrimation, rhinorrhea, and often a circadian periodicity.
What is cluster headache?
200
The lacunar hypothesis attributes small vessel ischemic infarcts primarily to this pathologic process in penetrating arteries.
What is lipohyalinosis?
200
The phenomenon of motor “overflow,” where involuntary movement spreads to adjacent muscles during voluntary movement, is most characteristic of this disorder.
What is dystonia?
200
This antibody, directed against the water channel, is diagnostic for NMOSD.
What is AQP4-IgG?
200
Epileptic spasms in tuberous sclerosis are treated first-line with this medication.
What is vigabatrin?
200
This dementia syndrome is characterized by fluctuating cognition, recurrent visual hallucinations, and spontaneous Parkinsonism.
What is dementia with Lewy bodies?
300
This first-line medication is contraindicated in migraine patients with hemiplegic migraine or significant vascular disease.
What are triptans?
300
A left MCA inferior division stroke classically produces this type of aphasia.
What is Wernicke’s aphasia?
300
Hemiballismus, characterized by flinging movements of one side of the body, typically results from a lesion in this nucleus.
What is the subthalamic nucleus?
300
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is caused by reactivation of this virus in immunosuppressed patients.
What is the JC virus?
300
This genetic epilepsy syndrome presents in infancy with spasms, developmental regression, and a hypsarrhythmia pattern on EEG.
What is West syndrome (infantile spasms)?
300
The neuropathologic hallmark of frontotemporal dementia with tau pathology is this type of neuronal inclusion.
What are Pick bodies?
400
Sphenopalatine ganglion parasympathetic fibers synapse on this branch of the trigeminal nerve, explaining the cranial autonomic symptoms in trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias.
What is the maxillary division (V2) of the trigeminal nerve?
400
This congenital vascular variant, a fetal origin of the PCA, alters collateral circulation by connecting the PCA directly to this artery.
What is the internal carotid artery? (20-30%)
400
The presence of “alien limb” phenomena, asymmetric akinesia, and apraxia is most typical of this atypical parkinsonian syndrome.
What is corticobasal degeneration?
400
The autoimmune encephalitis syndrome characterized by psychiatric symptoms, dyskinesias, and autonomic instability is associated with antibodies against this receptor.
What is the NMDA receptor?
400
The hallmark EEG finding of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) is this generalized discharge pattern.
What are 4–6 Hz polyspike-and-wave discharges?
400
This gene on chromosome 19 encodes a protein strongly associated with increased risk of late-onset Alzheimer’s disease.
What is APOE ε4?
500
This mutation in the ATP1A2 gene, encoding the α2 subunit of the Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase, has been implicated in which rare migraine subtype?
What is familial hemiplegic migraine type 2?
500
In lateral medullary (Wallenberg) syndrome, ipsilateral Horner’s syndrome occurs due to involvement of this specific tract.
What is the descending sympathetic tract?
500
In paraneoplastic opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome, the most common associated pediatric tumor is this.
What is neuroblastoma?
500
This paraneoplastic antibody, associated with thymoma, can cause both autoimmune encephalitis and peripheral nerve hyperexcitability (neuromyotonia)
What is CASPR2?
500
Corpus callosotomy is most effective at reducing this specific seizure type.
What are atonic (drop) seizures (Lennox-Gastaut?
500
This rare autoimmune encephalitis, associated with anti-Hu antibodies, can mimic rapidly progressive dementia and is most often paraneoplastic.
What is paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis?
600
This rare secondary headache disorder presents with short-lasting (2-30 min)unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks with cranial autonomic symptoms, but unlike SUNCT, it responds to indomethacin.
What is paroxysmal hemicrania?
600
A patient with atrial fibrillation on anticoagulation develops an ischemic stroke. The ELAN trial (2023) supports restarting anticoagulation at this general time frame post-stroke for moderate infarcts.
What is day 6–7?
600
This antibody-mediated autoimmune movement disorder is characterized by faciobrachial dystonic seizures and can precede limbic encephalitis.
What is LGI1 antibody encephalitis?
600
This rare autoimmune disorder presents with stiff-person syndrome, ataxia, and seizures, and is associated with high-titer antibodies against this intracellular enzyme.
What is glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65)?
600
This channelopathy, caused by mutations in SCN1A, leads to a severe childhood epilepsy characterized by fever-sensitive seizures and poor response to sodium-channel blockers.
What is Dravet syndrome?
600
This autosomal dominant mutation is the most common genetic cause of early-onset familial Alzheimer’s disease.
What is a presenilin-1 mutation?
700
In idiopathic intracranial hypertension, this specific venous sinus abnormality is frequently seen on MR venography and is hypothesized to play a role in the disease’s pathophysiology.
What is transverse venous sinus stenosis?
700
This rare cause of recurrent posterior circulation stroke in older adults is due to dynamic compression of the vertebral artery during head rotation.
What is Bow Hunter’s syndrome?
700
This rare autosomal recessive disorder causes parkinsonism and dystonia in childhood and is dramatically responsive to low-dose levodopa.
What is dopa-responsive dystonia (Segawa disease)?
700
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is more common in this age group and often follows this type of clinical event.
What are children after viral infection (measles, Epstein-Barr virus or vaccination?
700
Which gene mutation is most commonly associated with Generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+)
What is the SCN1A?
700
Lacanemab and Donanemab were approved in what year?
What are 2023 and 2024?