Cognitive Developmental Theory
What does the cognitive-developmental theory state?
What is that children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore the world.
According to Vygotsky, this is necessary for children to acquire the ways of thinking and behaving that make up a community’s culture
What is social interaction
This famous psychologist is responsible for the ecological systems theory; an approach that views the person as developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment
Who is Urie Bronfenbrenner
This system of the ecological systems theory, consists of activities and interaction patterns in the person’s immediate surroundings
what is the microsystem
This type of learning relies on reinforcement and punishment
What is operant conditioning
As the sensorimotor stage ends, mental symbols and representations have become major instruments of thinking. They especially help this action become possible.
What is make-believe play
This range of tasks that a child cannot yet handle alone but can do with the help of more skilled partners is a vital concept for cognitive development
What is the zone of proximal development
This theorist accepted Freud’s psychoanalytic approach, developing a theory that captures the essence of personality during each period of development, with stages such as Basic Trust vs. Mistrust, and Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Who is Erik Erikson
Bronfenbrenner envisioned the environment as a series of this. This includes and also extends beyond the home, school, workplace, and neighborhood.
What are nested structures
Operant conditioning plays a vital role in the formation of this; it can be seen through the way infants may smile after seeing their mother smile
What are social relationships
This first stage of Piaget’s theory, suggests that infants and toddlers “think” with their eyes, ears, hands, and other sensorimotor equipment.
What is the sensorimotor stage
Children’s self-directed speech, where they will speak out loud to themselves
What is private speech
This study of development focuses on directly observable events (stimuli and responses)
What is behaviorism
Within the ecological systems theory, Bronfenbrenner emphasized that all relationships are this - essentially, adults affect children’s behavior and children’s behavior affects adults.
What is bidirectional
In newborns, this type of involuntary action is incredibly necessary for classical conditioning to occur in young infants
What is a reflex
These specific psychological structures that organize ways of making sense of experiences are especially helpful for infants
What are schemes
A tactic used where parents/guardians adjust the support they offer during teaching session to fit te child’s current level of performance
What is scaffolding
In social learning theory devised by Albert Bandura, as children grow, they develop personal standards for behavior, ultimately developing this - the belief that their own abilities and characteristics will help them succeed
What is a sense of self-efficacy
Which level of the ecological systems theory does not directly involve an individual, but nevertheless affect experiences in their immediate settings?
What is the exosystem
This refers to the gradual reduction in the strength of a response due to repetitive stimulation
What is habituation
During times of rapid cognitive change, children are in a state of this. Also known as cognitive discomfort.
What is disequilibrium
Vygotsky saw this kind of activity as the ideal social context for fostering cognitive development in early childhood
What is make-believe play
According to Bowlby’s ethological theory of attachment, children construct an enduring affectionate tie to their caregiver that they can use as a secure base in the parents’ absence. This image serves as this kind of model
What is an internal working model
Cultural values, laws, customs, and resources would be some examples of this system within the ecological systems theory
What is the macrosystem
Recovery to a new stimulus, or novelty preference, assesses this in an infant
What is recent memory