Jeopardy: Principles of Reasoning

Propositions

100

This kind of proposition serves as evidence/justification/reasons in an argument.  

Premises

200

This kind of proposition serves as the main point in an argument. 

Conclusion

300

These are special terms or phrases that link propositions to other propositions. 

Connectives

400

These kinds of sentences do not express propositions (name one). 

Questions, commands, or exclamations

500

This kind of sentence is typically used to express a proposition. 

Declarative sentencee

Fallacies

100

This is the definition for "fallacies" that we use in this course. 

Bad arguments

200

This fallacy is based on idea that if c happened before e, then c caused e. 

Post Hoc (or Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc)

300

This fallacy is based on generalizing about a population based on an insufficient sample. 

Hasty Generalization

400

This fallacy is based on the error of confusing an object with the parts of the object. 

Composition (or division)

500

If c is correlated with e, but c did not cause e, these are two possible explanations (Choose at least one) 

There is a common cause, or there was a reverse effect.  

Biases

100

Biases are psychological tendencies. But we are interested in biases in this class because they lead to the following outcome. 

Bad arguments

200

This bias concerns the phenomenon of events seeming more predictable after they have already happened. 

Hindsight bias

300

This bias concerns the phenomenon of events seeming more common when examples easily or quickly come to mind. 

Availability heuristic

400

This bias describes the phenomenon of estimating or expecting quantities based on reference points. 

Anchoring heuristic

500

Cognitive dissonance and the attribution bias both fall under this general category. 

Self-defensive biases

Necessary and Sufficient Conditions

100

This kind of condition goes to the left of the arrow. 

Sufficient Condition

200

This kind of condition goes to the right of the arrow. 

Necessary Condition

300

This kind of condition goes into the larger circle. 

Necessary Condition

400

This kind of condition goes in the smaller circle. 

Sufficient Condition

500

This is the phrase we use for "both necessary and sufficient." 

"If and only if" or "equivalent"

Structure

100

This kind of argument is intended to guarantee a true conclusion. 

A deductive argument. 

200

This kind of argument is intended to show that its conclusion is probable. 

An inductive argument. 

300

This kind of argument is valid and has all true premises. 

A sound argument. 

400

If some of cogent argument's premises change from true to false, it becomes this kind of argument. 

A strong argument. 

500

These are the only two possibilities when a deductive argument has a false conclusion. 

The argument is invalid, or at least one premise is false.