Questions in which people give their answer by picking the best of two or more options
What are forced-choice questions?
100
Sampling only those who are easy to contact
What is convenience sampling?
100
This is the letter that stands for the statistical test for correlation strength and direction in bivariate associations.
What is r? (Correlation co-efficient)
100
A research study conducted over multiple time points.
What is longitudinal research?
100
This additional variable explains WHY the two variables are related.
What is a mediator or mediating variable?
200
This type of question asks two questions in one and leads to poor construct validity because people might be answering the first half of the question, the last half or both.
What is a double barreled question?
200
Sampling method where groups of participants are randomly selected then all individuals in the selected groups are included in the study.
What is cluster sampling?
200
This is the term for the strength of the relationship between two or more variables.
What is effect size?
200
Sometimes researchers conduct a longitudinal study to better establish this criteria for causality.
What is temporal precedence?
200
This additional variable explains for whom or when two variables are more strongly related.
What is a moderator or moderating variable?
300
When observers see what they expect to see.
What is observer bias?
300
Sampling method where there are two random samples selected: the groups are randomly selected and then the individuals within the group and randomly selected.
What is multistage sampling?
300
This letter stands for the statistical significance calculation of the probability that the association would occur randomly in the population.
What is p?
300
This is the test to show whether earlier measures of one variable are associated with later measures of another variable.
What is cross-lag correlation?
300
The predictor variable can also be called this.
What is the independent variable?
400
When observers inadvertently change the behavior of those they are studying.
What are observer effects?
400
Researchers find rare individuals, then ask them to refer them to others, and so on.
What is snowball sampling?
400
An extreme score that stands out from the pack.
What is an outlier?
400
The letter that indicates the statistical test for associations between two variables controlling for all the other identified variables.
What is beta?
400
The degree to which a theory provides the simplest explanation of a phenomenon. (Example: converging evidence from individual studies are tied to one central principle, which would be the simplest common explanation for their results.)
What is parsimony?
500
How can you reduce reactivity?
Blend in, wait it out, or measure the behavior results rather than the behavior.
500
What's another term for random sampling?
Probability sampling, representative sampling, unbiased sampling
500
What is a curvilinear association?
It's when the relationship between two variables is not a straight line but is positive (or negative) up to a point and then becomes the opposite.
500
Name two of the three criteria for causality.
What are covariance, temporal precedence, and internal validity?
500
How many criterion variables are there in multiple regression analysis?
What is one? (There are at least two predictor variables but only one criterion variable.)