Stages of learning and learning plateau
Name the 3 stages of learning
Cognitive, associative, autonomous
Name the 6 forms of feedback
Positive, negative, intrinsic, extrinsic, knowledge of performance, knowledge of results
Identify the 4 stages of observational learning
attention, retention, motor production, motivation
Define a learning plateau
A period where there is no improvement in performance
Define knowledge of performance
Feedback concerning the quality/execution of skill
Define operant conditioning?
Learning based on strengthening the relationship and the stimulus and the response
Describe 4 characteristics of a badminton player in the cognitive stage of learning
Performer has to think about action, movements will be slow and they will be uncoordinated when hitting the shuttle and often unsuccessful as they use trial and error.
Give one example of positive feedback and one example of negative feedback in athletics
Example of positive feedback in athletics – praise when your hurdle technique was good
Example of negative feedback in athletics – criticism when you didn’t keep your lead leg straight when hurdling
Define and give an example of positive and negative reinforcement in sport
Positive reinforcement involves a pleasant stimulus after the correct response e.g coach praising tennis player when their serve correctly into the box.
Negative reinforcement is the withdrawal of a negative stimulus when the correct response is given. E.g. Netball coach will stop shouting when they use the correct technique for shooting.
Name 2 reasons a golfer may reach a learning plateau and a solution to each
Bored-add variety to training so avoid boredom
Lack of motivation-use positive reinforcement and extrinsic rewards to motivate player
Fatigue-use distributed practice to allow breaks
Help build mental image of skill.
Can highlight key coaching points.
May overload performer with information
Performer may struggle to build mental image of skill from verbal guidance alone
Name the theorists who proposed operant conditioning, oberservational theory and insight learning
Explain the 4 stages of a learning curve
Stage 1-rate of learning is slow, performance level poor
Stage 2-rapid improvement as performer gains some success
Stage 3-no improvement in the rate of learning, reaching plateau
Stage 4-performance may start to deteriorate due to fatigue
State 2 positives and 2 negatives of a coach using technology to provide effective feedback to an athlete in the cognitive stage of learning.
-extrinsic feedback from video enables performer to build up a mental image of what the correct model is/begin to use intrinsic feedback
-video can be edited to focus on strengths to maintain motivation/drip feed weaknesses to work on one at a time.
-may cause information overload
- in some skills may be difficult not to show lots of negatives which will decrease motivation
- focuses on knowledge of performance/may be more suitable for autonomous performers.
Identify 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of using the concept of insight learning to teach a sporting skill
Develops more independent learners and greater understanding of relationship between sub-routines. However, performers/team may not have the ability to think for themselves to develop a solution. It may be too time consuming when developing skills.