Unit 2
the observation that scores on standardized intelligence tests have increased over the last century in various countries
Flynn Effect
a defense mechanism where an individual refuses to recognize or acknowledge the reality of a stressful or painful situation
Denial
the body's internal state of balanced, stable, and optimal functioning, achieved by maintaining a constant internal environment despite external changes
Homeostasis
the phenomenon where the likelihood of someone helping another in need is reduced when there are others are present
Bystander Effect
the belief that intelligence and abilities are not fixed but can be developed through dedication, effort, and learning
Growth mindset
the human drive to fulfill one's potential and become the best version of oneself
Self-actualizing tendency
a drive to perform a behavior based on external rewards or outcomes, such as praise, money, or avoiding punishment
Extrinsic motivation
the phenomenon where individuals exert less effort when working in a group than when working alone
Social loafing (diffusion of responsibility)
the experience of knowing a word or name but being unable to recall it at the moment, even though it feels like it's just on the edge of retrieval
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
a personality trait characterized by a tendency towards experiencing negative emotions like anxiety, depression, and irritability
neuroticism
emphasizes how unconscious forces, particularly childhood experiences, drive behavior and personality
Psychodynamic perspective
a method of persuasion that focuses on logical arguments, evidence, and the merits of a message to influence attitudes
Central route persuasion
the inability to remember information because it was not properly encoded into long-term memory
Encoding failure
the idea that behavior, personal factors (like thoughts and feelings), and the environment all influence and are influenced by each other in a continuous, dynamic relationship
Reciprocal determinism
the belief that outcomes are primarily determined by factors outside of one's own control, such as luck, fate, or other people
External locus of control
describes the relationship between arousal and performance, suggesting that optimal performance occurs at a moderate level of arousal
Yerkes-Dodson Law