No Magic Bullets
What is influenza?
These pathogens can be treated with antibiotics:
What are bacteria?
These animals were responsible for the spread of Nipah virus on a pig farm in Malaysia:
What are bats?
Suspected exposures typically differ from actual exposures for this type of infectious disease:
What is a foodborne illness/disease?
This type of study is used to determine an exposure during an outbreak and compares people who have the disease to people who don't have the disease:
What is a case-control study?
This diarrheal condition can result from disruption of the gut microbiome following antibiotic treatment:
What is c. diff?
Helminths and worms are a type of this pathogen:
What are parasites?
The Legionella outbreak in Hopkins was traced back to contaminated water in these structures:
Unlike other diseases like COVID-19, measles, and Ebola, this type of transmission does not occur with anthrax:
What is person-to-person transmission?
This type of study is used to view a "snapshot" of a population at a given point in time:
What is a cross-sectional study?
A majority of antibiotics used in the United States are used in this setting:
What is agriculture/farms/food production?
In addition to bacteria, antimicrobial stewardship efforts also aim to protect treatments for these pathogens:
What are fungi?
Outbreak investigators were able to estimate the total number of cases in the Schwan's ice cream outbreak by estimating this rate:
What is an attack rate?
A vaccine for this vectorborne disease was taken off of the market due to a lack of public acceptance:
What is lyme disease?
This technology has increased pressure for state health departments to investigate smaller foodborne outbreaks:
What is whole genome sequencing?
Andrew Wakefield was responsible for a rise in the anti-vaccine movement after publishing a now debunked study in the lancet claiming that the MMR vaccine caused this:
What is autism?
These pathogens are misfolded proteins that are known for being incredibly difficult to kill:
What are prions?
This type of warning was given at the beginning of interviews in the Schwan's Ice Cream outbreak investigation to protect the privacy of those interviewed?
What is a Tenessen warning?
The anthrax bioterrorism attacks after 9/11 led to the discovery that this was only 1-2 for anthrax, not 8-50,000 as previously believed:
What is infectious dose?
This type of lab plays a critical role in outbreak investigation, as a well as newborn screening:
What is a public health lab?
This phrase refers to the society-level protection that results from high vaccination rates:
What is herd immunity?
Treating these pathogens, which include Nipah and Mpox, with antibiotics would generally be considered antibiotic misuse:
What are viruses?
Post-exposure prophylaxis played a critical role in protecting postal workers during a 2001 bioterrorism-related outbreak of this disease:
What is anthrax?
The 2003 Mpox outbreak led to new regulations for this practice:
What is importing animals?
This type of study follows a group of people over time and is used more commonly in research than in outbreak investigation/response:
Cohort study