Enlightenment
This French writer argued for freedom of speech and religion and is famous for his criticism of intolerance and superstition.
Voltaire
In 1789 this event marked the start of a major revolution in France when people rose up against the king and nobility.
The Storming of the Bastille.
This man wrote the Declaration of Independence and later became the third president of the United States.
Thomas Jefferson.
Nationalism is a belief that people who share a culture, language, or history should form their own what?
A nation or nation-state.
Imperialism is when powerful countries take control of weaker lands to gain resources or power. Name one reason imperialist countries wanted colonies.
Resources (raw materials), new markets, strategic military bases, national prestige.
This Enlightenment idea says that rulers get their right to govern from the people, not from God.
Popular sovereignty (rule by the people).
The American Revolution led to a new nation. Name the document that declared the American colonies' independence from Britain in 1776.
The Declaration of Independence.
This English inventor improved the steam engine, which helped power factories, ships, and trains during the Industrial Revolution.
James Watt
Give one example of how nationalism helped create a new country in 19th-century Europe.
Germany (unified in 1871), Italy (unified in 1860s).
The "Scramble for Africa" refers to when many European nations quickly claimed parts of Africa. Name one European country that took colonies in Africa.
Britain, France, Belgium, Germany, Portugal, Spain, Italy.
This philosopher wrote about separation of powers (dividing government into branches) to prevent any one person or group from having too much power.
Montesquieu
During the French Revolution, a violent period where many were executed by a device called the guillotine is called what?
The Reign of Terror.
This Haitian leader led a successful slave revolt that resulted in Haiti becoming independent from France.
Toussaint L'Ouverture
Explain in one sentence how nationalism could cause tensions between different groups or countries.
Nationalism can make groups think they are superior or demand land at others' expense, causing conflict between nations or ethnic groups.
Give one effect imperialism had on colonized peoples (social, economic, or political).
Effects: Loss of local control, forced labor, cultural change, economic exploitation, introduction of new borders that split ethnic groups — any valid example accepted
Name the Enlightenment thinker who wrote "The Social Contract" and believed that governments should be formed by a general will of the people
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Name one cause that political revolutions (like the French) shared — something that made people want change.
Economic hardship/food shortages; unfair taxation; influence of Enlightenment ideas.
This scientist developed the ideas of natural selection and wrote "On the Origin of Species," changing how people understood living things.
Charles Darwin.
Describe one way leaders used nationalism to strengthen their power during the 1800s.
Leaders used nationalist speeches, education, and symbols (flags, anthems) to unite people and support policies.
Describe what the Berlin Conference (1884–1885) did regarding Africa.
The Berlin Conference set rules for claiming African territory and led to much of Africa being carved into colonies by European powers without African leaders' consent.
Explain one way Enlightenment ideas helped cause the American or French Revolution (give one clear example).
Enlightenment ideas about natural rights and government by consent influenced the Declaration of Independence and the French Declaration of the Rights of Man, inspiring people to demand political change.
Compare one difference between the American Revolution and the French Revolution in one or two sentences.
The American Revolution resulted in the creation of a stable republic with a written constitution, while the French Revolution became more radical and violent, including the Reign of Terror.
Identify one 19th-century political leader associated with unifying a European nation-state.
Otto von Bismarck (Germany), Giuseppe Garibaldi or Count Cavour (Italy).
Provide one specific example from the 1800s where nationalism led to conflict or war (name the conflict and a brief cause).
Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871) — German states united against France; nationalism and desire for power helped cause the war.
Explain how technological or medical advances helped Europeans conquer or control distant lands (give one specific example, such as a technology or medicine).
Maxim gun/advanced rifles gave military advantage; steamships and railways improved movement; quinine helped protect Europeans from malaria.