BP 101
This is the equation that can be used to calculate MAP.
What is MAP=CO x TPR?
Persistent systolic BP >= 130 mmHg or diastolic >= 80 mmHg.
What is hypertension?
Secondary hypertension is related to increased plasma ____.
What is renin?
Palpitations, dizziness, fatigue, and shortness of breath are hallmark symptoms of an arrhythmia characterized by these findings on ECG.
What are absent P-waves and irregularly irregular rhythm?
This cardioselective beta-blocker acts on beta-1 receptors in the heart and reduces mortality.
What is metoprolol?
This system decreases heart rate and promotes vasodilation when blood pressure is too high.
What is the parasympathetic nervous system?
The order of risk (from highest to lowest) of developing hypertension in the following demographics: Caucasian, African American, and Asian.
What are African American, Caucasian, and Asian?
Angiotensin II indirectly raises blood volume by increasing this hormone.
What is aldosterone?
A complication of long-term hypertension that can show up as peaked QRS complexes.
What is left ventricular hypertrophy?
Beta-blockers work by decreasing these two things.
What is cardiac contractility and HR?
These three physiological players respond to volume expansion and pressure changes. Two are hormones released by cardiac myocytes, and one is a neural sensor found in major arteries.
What are ANP, BNP, and baroreceptors?
Primary hypertension is related to increases in ___ and ____.
What is cardiac output and TPR?
This is released from the kidneys and converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.
What is renin?
A sudden, severe tearing pain in the chest or back, often associated with long-standing high blood pressure, may indicate this life-threatening condition.
What is aortic dissection?
This class of antihypertensives is contraindicated in cardiogenic shock.
What are beta blockers?
Information from the carotid sinus and the aortic arch is sent to the NTS via these nerves.
What are the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves?
Etiology of primary hypertension in 90-95% of cases.
What is no known :) ?
This molecule from the RAAS system is a potent vasoconstrictor.
What is angiotensin II?
Long-standing high blood pressure can damage arterial walls and accelerate atherosclerosis, setting the stage for this condition.
What is coronary artery disease?
ACE inhibitors prevent conversion of ___ to ____?
What are angiotensin I and angiotensin II?
Increased activity of this sodium-retaining transporter plays a key role in volume-dependent hypertension and is upregulated by aldosterone.
What is the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC)?
This is the prevalence of hypertension in the United States.
What is one in three to one in two?
ACE is primarily located in this organ.
What are the lungs?
A complication of long-term hypertension with labs showing an elevated BNP level, pulmonary congestion on chest X-ray, and reduced ejection fraction on echocardiogram.
What is heart failure?
Hydrochlorothiazide inhibits sodium reabsorption in ____.
What is the distal tubule?