Level 1
Certain information is given priority over the background.
Principle of figure-ground
This flexible piece of tissue is layered like an onion, and it helps refract light and bring your dog into focus against the sensory cells in your retina. What is the tissue and corresponding process called.
This process is known as accommodation and is determined by the distance between the lens and the object being viewed. When an object is close to you, your lens is thicker and rounder; as an object moves farther away, muscles attached to the lens relax and the lens elongates.
Compare parvo cells (P-cells) vs. magno cells (M-cells)
Small ganglion cells (often called Parvo cells or P-cells) receive information from the midget bipolar cells. P-cells make up approximately 70% of the ganglion cells in the retina and send signals to the brain about qualities of color and detail.
Large ganglion cells(Magno cells or M-cells) are found in the periphery and receive their signals from the diffuse bipolar cells. These signals send information about motion and visual stimuli in the periphery.
Each lobe of the neocortex receives sensory information in primary areas. Adjacent to these primary processing networks are areas called ___________ _____________ that further process the information and help to integrate it with other sensory information.
association cortex
States that objects that are physically similar to one another will be grouped together.
Principle of similarity
Outline some fundamental ways we see the world.
Laws of Gestalt, or the Gestalt principles of organization
Rods and cones transduce energy into neural language. This translation is chemically based, as each cell contains a _________________ that is sensitive to light.
photopigment
This type of feature detector in the visual cortex is a cell responds to small stationary bars of light oriented at specific angles
simple cell
The frontal lobes are primarily tasked with ___________________ ______________ and __________________.
The output of the frontal lobes tends to be ______________.
1) decision making and movement
2) inhibitory
States that people tend to perceive whole objects even when part of that information is missing.
Principle of closure
States that objects that are close to one another will be grouped together
Principle of proximity
The influence of language, or wording, on people's responses to survey questions.
wording effects
Respond most vigorously to vertical lines in motion. As the line moves further from a vertical orientation, the cell will decrease its firing rate.
Complex cells
The primary motor cortex (most posterior structure of the frontal lobe) gives rise to two major pathways: the motor axons of the ___________________ and _______________________ tracts.
These bundles of axons control movement of the muscles in the ______________ (spinal) and __________________- (cobulbar), respectively.
1) corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts
2) body (spinal) and head/face (cobulbar)
This idea that one hemisphere of the brain performs different functions than the other, is a concept that contains both truth and myth.
Brain Laterality
States that people tend to perceive whole objects even when part of that information is missing.
principle of good continuation
Compare diffuse bipolar cells vs. midget bipolar cells
In the peripheral vision, cells commonly referred to as diffuse bipolar cells can receive messages from as many as 50 rods and send a single message to the ganglion cell
Midget bipolar cells receive input from only a single cone, and this message may be sent to only a single ganglion cell.
The cerebellum is separated into three major divisions. Name them and their functions.
Spinocerebellar, vestibulocerebellar, and cerebrocerebellar.
1) The spinocerebellar division helps to match sensory input with motor plans in order to fine-tune movement patterns.
2) The vestibulocerebellar division processes information from the inner ear to help adjust your posture and balance.
3) The cerebrocerebellar (lateral hemispheres and dentate nuclei) division manages connections with the pons and thalamus to adjust the timing and planning of movements.
What do temporal lobe lesions, focused areas where cells have died, result most often in?
Memory loss and especially the loss of the ability to form new memories (called anterograde amnesia)
These patients have trouble seeing an object in their left visual field and naming it, but the patient should be able to name this object because language output is regulated by Broca’s area on the left. The reason they are unable to is because the visual information is basically “stuck” in the right hemisphere
Split-brain patients
States that objects that are moving together will be grouped together.
Principle of common fate
Name the order of cells that light travels through once it travels through five layers of the retina and arrive at the photosensitive cells
rods and cones --> bipolar cells (add together the firing of several photoreceptors) --> ganglion cell
Unlike severe damage to the motor cortex or spinal cord, problems in the cerebellum do not result in _________________.
Instead, the person’s ________, ____________, and ___________ is altered.
1) paralysis
2) timing, planning, and balance
If the damage is extensive, the person can lose all ability to perceive sound, without any damage or alteration to the ear itself or the cochlear nerve.
Primary auditory cortex, the caudal part of the temporal lobe.
Chronic stress involves a whole triangle connecting the brain and endocrine system, called the...
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis