Proteins and Peptides - General Overview
What are proteins?
Macromolecules involved in almost all cellular functions
What common structure do all amino acids share?
An a-carbon, amino group, and carboxyl group
What is a peptide bond?
A covalent bond between two amino acids
What is a dipeptide?
A molecule made of two amino acids
What are peptides used for in the body?
They help send signals (like hormones)
What are peptides?
Short chains of amino acids
Which part of an amino acid varies?
The R group (side chain)
What is released when a peptide bond forms?
Water (H20)
What is a tripeptide?
A molecule made of three amino acids
Name one peptide that helps with body functions
Oxytocin or vasopressin
How are proteins related to peptides?
Proteins are made of one or more peptide chains
What does the R group determine?
Chemical nature (polar, nopolar, acidic, or basic)
Which two parts of amino acids connect to make a peptide bond?
Carboxyl group and amino group
How many amino acids are in an oligopeptide (approximately)?
Less than 20
Do peptides fight germs?
Yes, some are natural antibiotics
What is the function of peptides in protein formation?
They act as intermediates in protein synthesis
What is a zwitterion?
An amino acid with both positive and negative charges at physiological pH
Is the peptide bond strong or weak?
Strong (covalent)
What are polypeptides made of?
Many amino acids in a chain
Can peptides be made in labs?
Yes, for medicine and vaccines
What distinguishes a protein from a peptide functionally?
Proteins fold into 3D structures for function; peptides may act independently
Why is the R group important in protein folding?
It affects interactions like polarity and bonding between amino acids
What type of reaction creates a peptide bond?
Condensation reaction
What are proteins made of?
One or more polypeptides
Are peptides the same as proteins?
No, they are smaller and have different roles