Origins of Jim Crow
What was the term "Jim Crow" originally associated with before it became synonymous with racial segregation laws?
What is an opera character portrayed by white performers in blackface?
In which Supreme Court case was the "separate but equal" doctrine established, providing legal justification for segregation under Jim Crow laws?
What is Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)?
What landmark Supreme Court case overturned the "separate but equal" doctrine in public education, declaring segregation unconstitutional?
What is Brown v. Board of Education (1954)?
Which civil rights activist refused to give up her seat on a bus in Montgomery, Alabama, sparking the Montgomery Bus Boycott?
Who is Rosa Parks?
What was the name of the system of racial segregation laws and regulations enacted in Southern states after the Reconstruction period?
What are Jim Crow laws?
Which state passed the first Jim Crow law in 1877, legalizing racial segregation in public transportation and laying the groundwork for similar laws across the Southern United States?
What is Tennessee?
Which constitutional amendment, ratified in 1868, granted citizenship and equal protection under the law to all persons born or naturalized in the United States, but was often circumvented by Jim Crow laws?
What is the Fourteenth Amendment?
Which African American student became the first to attend an all-white school in the United States when she enrolled at Little Rock Central High School in Arkansas in 1957, despite facing significant opposition and protests?
Who is Elizabeth Eckford?
What was the name of the organization founded by Martin Luther King Jr. and other civil rights leaders in 1957 to coordinate and support nonviolent protests and campaigns for civil rights?
What is the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)?
What was the name of the system of laws and practices enacted in Southern states after the Civil War that enforced racial segregation and disenfranchisement, effectively denying African Americans their rights and freedoms?
What are Jim Crow laws?
In what year did the U.S. Supreme Court decision in the case of Plessy v. Ferguson establish the "separate but equal" doctrine, providing a legal basis for racial segregation?
What is 1896?
In which landmark Supreme Court case did the justices unanimously rule that segregated public schools were inherently unequal and therefore unconstitutional, overturning the "separate but equal" doctrine?
What is Brown v. Board of Education (1954)?
What was the name of the African American girl who, at the age of six, became the first to desegregate an all-white elementary school in New Orleans in 1960, after her parents filed a lawsuit against the school board?
Who is Ruby Bridges?
In which city did Rosa Parks famously refuse to give up her seat on a segregated bus, sparking the Montgomery Bus Boycott, one of the pivotal events of the civil rights movement?
What is Montgomery, Alabama?
Which African American leader and activist, known for his advocacy of armed self-defense against racial violence, founded the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense in Oakland, California, in 1966?
Who is Huey P. Newton?
What were the Black Codes, enacted by Southern states after the Civil War, intended to do regarding the newly freed African American population?
What is restrict their rights and freedoms, effectively reestablishing a system of control similar to slavery?
What legal strategy did civil rights lawyers, including Thurgood Marshall, employ to challenge segregation by arguing that separate facilities were inherently unequal, leading to the landmark Brown v. Board of Education decision?
What is the doctrine of "separate but equal"?
Which university became the focus of a landmark Supreme Court case in 1950 when a black applicant, Heman Marion Sweatt, was denied admission to its law school due to his race, leading to the ruling that separate professional schools were inherently unequal?
What is the University of Texas at Austin (UT Austin)?
Which civil rights activist and organizer was instrumental in organizing the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in 1963, where Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his famous "I Have a Dream" speech?
Who is Bayard Rustin?
What term describes the process of forcibly removing African American residents from their homes and neighborhoods, often to make way for urban renewal projects or to benefit white developers?
What is gentrification or urban displacement?
Who was the 19th-century actor and playwright who popularized the character "Jim Crow" in his performances, contributing to the use of the term to describe racial segregation laws?
Who is Thomas Dartmouth "Daddy" Rice?
What was the name of the 1896 Supreme Court case in which the justices upheld racial segregation laws, declaring that "separate but equal" facilities did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection clause?
What is Plessy v. Ferguson?
What was the term used to describe the deliberate shutting down of public schools by some Southern states in response to court-ordered desegregation, particularly in the late 1950s and early 1960s?
What is "massive resistance"?
What was the name of the group of nine African American students who bravely desegregated Little Rock Central High School in Arkansas in 1957, facing harassment, violence, and the intervention of the National Guard?
Who are the Little Rock Nine?
Which city experienced one of the deadliest incidents of racial violence in U.S. history when a white mob attacked and destroyed the African American community of Greenwood, known as "Black Wall Street," in 1921?
What is Tulsa, Oklahoma?