Roman (100 BC - 600 AD)
The river marking the boundary between Italy and Cisalpine Gaul which Julius Caesar crossed in 49 BC, beginning a civil war with the senatorial faction led by Pompey
What is the Rubicon River?
The fall of this city in 1453 marked both the end of the Eastern Roman Empire and the medieval era, seeing one of the first uses of gunpowder and cannons in siege warfare
What is Constantinople?
A coalition of Catholic states led by Spain and Venice defeated the numerically superior Ottoman fleet in this 1571 naval battle before which Pope Pius V encouraged Catholics across Europe to pray the rosary for victory
What is the Battle of Lepanto?
Napoleon was decisively defeated in this June 1815 battle in modern Belgium, and afterwards forced to abdicated and live in exile on St. Helena
What is the Battle of Waterloo?
The Empire of Japan executed a surprise naval and air attack on this American Pacific naval base on December 7, 1941
What is Pearl Harbor?
The battle in which Roman general Varus was ambushed and defeated by a coalition of Germanic tribes led by Arminius in 9 AD, ending Roman expansion into Magna Germania
What is the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest?
This King of the Franks conquered and subjugated much of modern Germany and Italy, and was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III on Christmas Day 800 AD
Who is Charlemagne?
This King of France, r. 1643-1715, had the longest reign of any monarch in history and was architect of absolutism in France. Known for his numerous wars against the rival Habsburgs and his expansion of the Palace of Versailles
Who is King Louis XIV?
Napoleon was born on this Mediterranean island in 1769
What is Corsica?
On September 15, 1916 the British Army used this new technology for the first time in active battle at Battle of Flers–Courcelette
What are tanks?
One of the three Roman Emperors who issued the Edict of Thessalonica in 380 AD, making Nicene Christianity the state religion of the Roman Empire
Who are Theodosius I, Gratian, Valentinian II?
This King of England, r. 1189-1199, spent almost no time in England and is famous for his command during the Third Crusade against Saladin
Who is Richard I the Lionheart?
The modern day country on whose shore Christopher Columbus first made land upon reaching the New World
What is the Bahamas?
Napoleon's leadership in this campaign, his first in command of an army, led to the decisive defeat of Austria and French victory in the War of the First Coalition
What is the First Italian Campaign or Italian Campaign of 1796-1797?
Despite its previous membership in the Triple Alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary, this country entered WWI on the side of the Entente in 1915
What is the Kingdom of Italy?
The legal code authored and compiled by quaestor Tribonian by order of Emperor Justinian I, a revision of the earlier Theodosian Code
What is the Corpus Juris Civilis?
This kingdom was the only part of Iberia not subjugated by the Umayyad Caliphate after their conquest of the Visigothic Kingdom in the early 8th Century
What is the Kingdom of Asturias?
The death of King Charles II of Spain, r. 1665-1700, without an heir in 1700 led to the outbreak of this aptly named war
What is the War of the Spanish Succession?
A nephew of the last King of Poland and leader of the Duchy of Warsaw, he was the only non-Frenchman to reach the rank of Marshal of the Empire and commanded a corps during Napoleon's invasion of Russia. Drowned at the Battle of Leipzig in 1813
Who is Józef Poniatowski?
This early 1944 battle of the Italian Campaign of WWII, named for a monastery in which much of the fighting took place, broke the Gustav Line and led to the capture of Rome by Allied forces
What is the Battle of Monte Cassino?
The son of Constantine I who, upon accession to the office of Emperor, ordered the massacre of virtually all male members of the Constantinian Dynasty
Who is Constantius II?
This tribe assisted the Eastern Roman Empire against the Arab siege of Constantinople in 717 AD, led by Khan Tervel
Who are the Bulgars?
King in Prussia Frederick II gave this name to refer to the failure of a combined Austrian and Russian army to march on Berlin after defeating him at the Battle of Kunersdorf in 1759
What is the Miracle of the House of Brandenburg?
This Winter 1807 battle fought in East Prussia between France and Russia involved one of the largest artillery duels up to that point in history and nearly ended in a disastrous defeat for the French before a well-timed cavalry charge led by Joachim Murat
What is the Battle of Eylau?
This Summer 1916 Russian offensive on the Eastern Front of WWI led to the Russian capture of Eastern Galicia and nearly destroyed the Austro-Hungarian Army. Named for the Russian general in command of the operation
What is the Brusilov Offensive?