Cell Membrane
What's the difference between active and passive transport of molecules across a membrane?
Passive - doesn't require energy
Active - requires energy
How is RNA different from DNA? (3 ways)
1. contains sugar ribose
2. contains nitrogenous base Uracil
3. single-stranded
List the phases of mitosis (bonus of what happens in each)
What's the whole point of mitosis?
1. Interphase (cell grows and DNA synthesized)
2. Prophase (copied DNA forms into chromosomes)
3. Metaphase (chromosomes line up in middle of cell)
4. Anaphase (split chromatids move toward opposite ends of cell)
5. Telophase (2 separate cells start to form)
6. Cytokinesis (cells actually divide)
Whole point: Cell replication (form more identical cells)
What are the 3 organs of the excretory system?
(Bonus if you can name what they get rid of)
Lungs (CO2 and water vapor)
Kidneys (nitrogen waste, salts, water)
Skin (water, salt, little nitrogen wate)
Why is the secondary immune response faster, and produces more atibodies?
Body has memory of the pathogen from the first exposure --> better, more efficient response the second time
What is diffusion? Is it passive or active?
(Bonus: what is the type of diffusion specific to water molecules?)
Movement of molecules from HIGH TO LOW concentration.
Passive
Bonus: Osmosis
What are the base pairs from DNA?
What are the base pairs when pairing DNA to RNA?
DNA: A-T, G-C
DNA to RNA: A-U, G-C
What's the whole point of Meiosis? What do we form at the end?
To make single-cell (haploid) cells to be used in reproduction (sperm and egg)
We need haploid cells so that when they come together, they form a diploid cell
In the endocrine system, ____ secrete _____ to regulate body processes.
What type of blood cells fight infections?
White blood cells
K+, Na+ pumps, and endo/exocytosis are all example of what type of transport?
Active transport
____ is the process of turning DNA to RNA.
(Bonus: where does it happen?)
Transcription
Bonus: Nucleus
What are some ways we get genetic variation in meiosis?
mutations, independent assortment, recombination, crossing over
Nervous system!
1. What are the chemical messengers called?
2. The ___ system is involuntary (controls glands and smooth muscle), while the ____ nervous system is voluntary.
2. autonomic - involuntary, somatic - voluntary
What are the 3 types of muscle and what do they do?
(Bonus: which is the only one that is voluntary?)
Skeletal - help us move
Cardiac - make heart beat
Smooth - in organs/blood vessels
(bonus: only skeletal is voluntary)
Contrast: hypertonic, isotonic, hypotonic solutions
Hypertonic = solute molecules MORE than cytosol (hyper people run a lot --> skinny, shriveled cell)
Isotonic = solute molecules EQUAL to cytosol
Hypotonic = solute molecules LESS than cytosol (hypo = hippo, extra big cell)
____ is the process of turning RNA into proteins.
(Bonus: where does it happen?)
Translation
Bonus: cytoplasm
What's the difference between haploid and diploid cells?
Haploid = 1 chromosome (1n), half set
Diploid = 2 chromosomes (2n), full set
What are the 4 types of tissue (and what do they do?)
Muscle - contract, aid in movement
Nervous - receive/transmit messages
Epithelial - cover body surfaces
Connective - bind, support, protect body structures
What organs are involved in digestion?
Describe the phospholipid bilayer (what are the parts?). Why is it considered semi-permeable?
2 layers
Phospholipid heads (on the outside) that are hydrophilic
Fatty acid tails (in the middle) that are hydrophobic
Semi-permeable means only some things can get through
All about amino acids!
1. How many are there?
2. What do we call the three nucleotide sequence in mRNA that encodes into an amino acid?
3. How would a mutation affect the protein formed?
1. 20
2. codon
3. Mutation would mean a different sequence of amino acids --> different function of that protein
Meiosis provides the genetic material for offspring.
Each parent contributes one ____ (form of the gene) to the child. They can be dominant or recessive.
Allele
What are 4 parts of blood (and what do they do?)
1. plasma - nourish cells
2. red blood cells - transport oxygen to cells
3. white blood cells - help defend body from disease
4. platelets - essential for blood clots
Putting it all together!
What are the functions of the body systems:
1. integumentary
2. circulatory
3. respiratory
4. endocrine
5. nervous
6. digestive
7. immune
8. muscular
1. protect against pathogens, regulate body temp
2. circulate blood and oxygen
3. carry air into/out of lungs, gas exchange
4. maintain homeostasis, regulate metabolism, growth, reproduction
5. control/coordinate body movement and senses
6. store and break down food, absorb nutrients, eliminate waste
7. protect against infection and disease
8. provide structure, move substances through body