1492: Concepts
"Strength of the Inqusition"
"Country Comparisons"
Waves of Migration
Random
100
Inquisition’s term to describe Jew or Muslim who converted to Catholicism in Spain or Portugal, particularly during the 14th and 15th centuries, or one of their descendents
What is conversos
100
Belief that all Jews or descendants of Jews, or persons penanced by the Inquistion and their descendants, carried a taint of impurity in their blood and were to be excluded from public life
What is Limpieza de Sangre? Elkins p.7
100
This country has always received the largest migration of Jewish immigrants throughout the history of Latin America partly due to survival and partly due to ideology. Compare and contrast some of this country's policies and history to those of other Latin American countries.
What is Argentina? Copy/pasted from country study guide: "Argentina has always received the largest migration of Jewish immigrants throughout the history of Latin America partly due to survival and partly due to ideology. During the first wave of migration Argentina recruited the white lineage of European civilization to help build Argentinas infrastructure and society. Chile and Brazil had similar pro-immigration laws to hope to grow their workforce, whiten the population, recruit farmers and cheap labor. The immigrants that came into Latin America during this time were French and German. During the mass migration Argentina offered incentives like: a five day stay at a hostile, assistance finding a job, transportation anywhere within the republic free of cost. The strong religious toleration, government support and industrial and agricultural employment drew many immigrants to migrate there. During this second migration Argentina had a large influx of Spanish, Italian, and Ashkenazi Jews. This is opposed to Brazil who also had a large migration of Jews coming from North Africa, Mediterranean, and western Europe. 1923 was the last stable year for Jewish immigration to Argentina, on the outbreak of war Argentina began to tighten its immigration laws. Brazil, during WWI admitted about 1,000-5,000 Jews a year and provided temporary lodging and loans. Ecuador and the Dominican Republic where the only countries who opened their doors freely to Jewish immigration. After WWII secularism was fortified by intellectual atmosphere of metropolitan areas of Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay."
100
Prompted by pogroms leading up to WWI, Eastern European Jews migrated to Latin America during this period of migration.
What is the Second Migration (1899-1917)?
100
The Argentine “Dirty War” lasted during this time span.
When is 1976 to 1983?
200
People accused (as a crime) of having Jewish customs
What is judaizer
200
Movement begun in 1517 that allowed Jews to move around, espeically in nothern Europe, in light of religious upheaval in the Christian world that resulted in a greater tolerance for religious differences
What is Martin Luther's Protestant Reformation?
200
Like Argentina, but unlike Chile or Guatemala, this island country's geographic location made it favorable to Jewish immigration. For full points, also discuss a Latin American country whose geography was NOT favorable.
What is Cuba? Example for geography discussion: Chile. Copy/pasted from country study guide: "Being out of major trade routes, Chile didn’t get as much attention as other Latin American countries. It was receiving about 2% of the Jewish immigration that countries like Argentina received. Still, they saw the need to industrialize early, and through a more targeted advertising, they were able to import Jews to do so."
200
This cultural/linguistic similarity drew Sephardic jews to Cuba.
What is the similarity between Ladino and Cuban Spanish?
200
Organization founded in 1964 with the purpose of creating an independent State of Palestine.
What is the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)?
300
A period during Muslim rule of Spain in which Jewish cultural and economic life flourished
What is the Golden Age
300
The fall of Granada leaves the Spanish Kingdom with a large amount of debt and the fear of Jews supplying marranos with Jewish literature and diets, thus hindering their 'installation' into the Catholic regime
What are reasons for the March 31, 1492 decree to expel Jews of Spanish soil withing 4 months Finkelstein p.40
300
Unlike Argentina, Brazil, and most other countries, these two countries were the only Latin American countries that left their "doors wide open" to Jewish immigration during the post-WWI/pre-WWII period. (Discuss some of the exclusionist immigration policies adopted in Latin America during this same period.)
What are Ecuador and the Dominican Republic? (See page 3 of country study guide for the post-WWI/pre-WWII period.)
300
This War in the Ottoman Empire drove many Sephardim to migrate to Latin America in the early 1900’s.
What is the First Balkan War?
300
Between 1880 and 1939 in Latin America economies, it is estimated that “90 percent of the Jews” entered this profession.
What is a peddler (peddling)?
400
Areas of Spanish cities to which Jews were confined after 1371
What is juderias
400
"Dhimmi" status, segregated living quarters, restricted occupational positions (scholars, physicians, business middlemen, translators), and jewish taxes
What are restrictions on Jews during the Golden Age (prior 1371)?
400
Immigration to this country lagged behind others due to "the perceived difficulties for immigrants in competing with the system of large estates and the heritage of black slavery" (Elkin 41). Discuss also some of the "top ten" important facts about this country.
What is Brazil? First 3 facts from the country study guide: 1. "Brazil never had an autonomous office of the Inquisition; instead, inspectors were sent out to Brazil periodically, and suspects were remanded to Lisbon for trial" (pg. 13) 2. "Records of the Inquisition’s visitation to Brazil in 1618-19 show that many Brazilian conversos were Judaizing and were in touch with the openly professing Jews of Amsterdam" (pg. 13). 3. New Christians (cristaos novos) comprised 20% of the white population in Bahia (in Brazil) and had positions of wealth and prestige at the core of society in 1618-19 (pg. 13).
400
77.9% of Jewish refugees immigrated here following WWII.
What is Palestine/Israel?
400
Two approaches faciliated by the Israeli government in response to the Argentine “Dirty War.”
What is milut or extrication and the “right of option?”
500
Two cities that were attacked/rioted in during the Year of Plunder (1391)
What is Seville, Ecij, Toledo, Cazalla
500
Jewish conversions were forced in one blow in 1497 and their children being converted first allowed this group to practice Judaism secretly in a bigger proportion than Spanish Jews
What are reasons most new Christians in the New World were Portuguese? Elkins p.12
500
While the majority of the Latin American governments participated in FDR's Évian Conference, this country's delegate was most likely motivated by the opportunity to improve the international reputation of his brother, who had recently partaken a genocide of his own. (Briefly discuss the historical background of this country during this pre-WWII period.)
What is the Dominican Republic? The regime of Rafael Trujillo (1930-1961) was responsible for great progress in the DR in questions of wealth, public works, and education, but it was also the source of absolute repression, terror, and plain old massacre of his "opposition," including many innocent people. The Évian Conference convened in July 1938; from October 1937-September 1938, Trujillo's government-sponsored genocide of Haitians was responsible for the execution of a thousands of Haitians (estimates vary from 500 to 25,000)!
500
Following the assassination of Czar Alexander II, Russian Jews were confined to areas within the “Pale of Settlement” due to this set of restrictions.
What are the May Laws?
500
Institution generally assuming role of “principal spokesman” of respective communities. Leaders who often provided financial backing for Jewish community.
What is a Kehillah?
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