This part of the Constitution lays out the Judicial Branch.
What is Article III?
100
What is the Rule of Four?
Four Supreme Court justices must agree for the Court to hear a case.
100
In this court case, the Supreme Court said that the police must inform a suspect of his rights when he is arrested or interrogated.
What is Miranda v. Arizona?
100
This is the part of the 14th Amendment that ensures that all laws are applied to all citizens in the same way.
What is the Equal Protection Clause?
100
Explain symbolic speech.
Actions, such as protesting or wearing particular clothing, that express a political point of view; expressing an opinion through actions, not words
200
The vast majority of all federal court cases begin in these courts.
What are district courts?
200
The Supreme Court has both ______ and _______ jurisdiction.
What are original and appellate?
200
Name 2 rights guaranteed to citizens under the 6th Amendment?
Speedy trial, a jury trial, access to a lawyer, to face your accusers
200
Policies in employment, education, and business that consider factors like race, color, religion, gender, or national origin in order to benefit an underrepresented group
What is affirmative action?
200
Explain the Establishment and Free Exercise Clauses of the 1st Amendment.
Establishment: Fed & state govts can't endorse a particular religion. Free Exercise: Fed & state govts can't interefere with how citizens practice their religion
300
What effect did Marbury v. Madison have?
It gave the Supreme Court the power of judicial review.
300
When it has decided to hear a case, the Supreme Court issues a _________.
What is a writ of certiorari?
300
Explain the exclusionary rule (i.e. when evidence may be excluded from trial).
If evidence was found illegally, it cannot be used in court, and neither can any information that was gathered as a result of the original piece of evidence. (Mapp v. Ohio)
300
What did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 do?
Banned discrimination based on race, color, national origin, or physical disability in public places, within federal agencies/programs, and in hiring practices
300
Name 2 instances when the right to free speech is limited.
When there is a national security risk, when there is a risk of "clear and present danger", when it involves a student on school grounds
400
Judges who try to determine the intention of the Framers of the Constitution when interpreting laws are said to follow _________.
What is judicial restraint?
400
This is the Court's explanation of its ruling in any given case, and it becomes a precedent
What is a majority opinion?
400
Explain how and why students' 4th Amendment rights are different when they are on school property than anywhere else.
Only reasonable suspicion (lower standard than probable cause) needed to search belongings. Schools given more leeway b/c they act in place of parents ("in loco parentis")
400
When the courts try to determine if the government has a "compelling interest" to implement a particular policy, they are using the ___________ test.
What is strict scrutiny?
400
In Roe v. Wade, the Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution includes an implicit right to _______ in the 1st, 4th, 5th, and 14th Amendments.
What is privacy?
500
The only cases that make it to the Supreme Court are ones that involve _________.
What are constitutional issues or questions about the interpretation of the Constitution?
500
What happens if the Supreme Court declines to hear a case?
The lower court's ruling still stands.
500
Explain the 2 different types of due process.
Procedural: govt agents must follow the law/rules and not deny your rights. Substantive: the laws under which the govt operates must be constitutional
500
The 14th Amendment forces state governments to ensure due process. Extending the enforcement of federal rights to the states is called ________.
What is selective incorporation?
500
Why did the Framers write lifetime terms (subject to good behavior) into the Constitution for Supreme Court justices?
To ensure they would be free from political influence and therefore able to issue necessary unpopular decisions