Esophageal Tumors
Esophageal Tics & Zollinger Syndrome
Gastritis
Peptic Ulcers
Cholecystitis
100
TRUE OR FALSE: Most esophageal tumors are usually benign
What is FALSE; Most tumors are malignant
100
Esophageal diverticulae are sacs or outpouchings of the esophagus resulting from herniation of the esophageal mucosa or submucosa. This causes high pressure in the hypopharynx and leads to the most common type of esophageal diverticula called Zenkers:
What is incomplete or late opening of swallowing muscles
100
The main cause of acute and chronic gastritis is this gram negative bacterium
What is Helicobacter Pylori (H. Pylori)
100
In peptic ulcer disease, the mucosal defenses becoem impaired and no longer protect the epithelium from the effects of acid and pepsin. What are the 2 main types of peptic ulcers?
What are gastric and duodenal
100
Gallstones form from the abnormal metabolism of these 2 things:
What is cholesterol and bile salts; SIDE NOTE- When gallstones obstruct bile flow, trapped bile is reabsorbed and becomes a chemical irritant to the gallbladder wall. This can cause ischemia and infection (gangrene, necrosis, and potential rupture!)
200
This is a major manifestation (symptom) of esophageal tumors and is described as "painful swallowing"
What is odynophagia
200
Patients with esophageal diverticulae are at risk for this serious condition because the mucosa is without normal esophageal muscle protection:
What is esophageal perforation; SIDE NOTE- major manifestations/ symptoms of esophageal diverticulae are dysphagia, regurgitation, halitosis, and feelings of food/drink getting "stuck"
200
These type of medications inhibit prostaglandin prodcution in the mucosal barrier of the stomach and can cause gastritis
What is Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS)
200
GASTRIC ULCER OR DUODENAL ULCER: Pain occurs 90 minutes to 3 hours after eating- may awaken patient at night
What is a duodenal ulcer
200
Gallstones can form from delayed bile emptying from impaired gallbladder motility, which is called this condition:
What is biliary stasis
300
These types of esophageal tumors are located in the upper two-thirds of the esophagus and typically caused by heavy alcohol intake and smoking
What are squamous cell carcinomas
300
This condition is described as excessive fat in stool and is found in Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome due to the inactivation of lipase from large concentrations of acid production:
What is steatorrhea
300
Which invasive diagnostic procedure is the gold standard for the diagnosis of gastritis?
What is esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) with biopsy; Side note: Although not an invasive diagnostic procedure, an H. Pylori blood test would be beneficial in the diagnosis as well
300
GASTRIC ULCER OR DUODENAL ULCER: Typically characterized by high gastric acid secretion and rapid stomach emptying
What are duodenal ulcers
300
TRUE or FALSE: The most common type of cholecystitis in most patients is from acalculus cholecystitis versus calculus cholecystitis
What is FALSE- calculus cholecystitis is most common
400
Most patients with esophageal cancer have impaired swallowing. This would be the most common priority problem for the nurse to address:
What is (decreased) nutritional intake; This is due to weight loss secondary to dysphagia, fear of choking, and pain.
400
Name 2 nutritional or lifestyle interventions for a patient diagnosed with an esophageal diverticula:
What is eat semisoft or smaller meals (reduce/ relieve symptoms of pressure and reflux), Sleep with head of bed elevated, Avoid laying supine 2 hours after eating
400
This classification of medications to treat gastritis binds with bile acids and pepsin in the stomach to protect the mucosa
What is mucosal barrier fortifiers (like Carafate); VERY COMMON medication prescribed after gastritis diagnosed
400
GASTRIC ULCER OR DUODENAL ULCER: Develops in the antrum of the stomach near acid secreting mucosa; can result from damage to the pyloric sphincter and bile backs up into the stomach
What are gastric ulcers
400
This is the best diagnostic test for cholecystitis:
What is abdominal ultrasound (specifically right upper quadrant)
500
Radiation and chemotherapy is commonly used to shrink esophageal tumors and allow better odds for complete surgical resection. This type of esophageal cancer is the most common, usually caused by untreated GERD, and is found in the distal one-third of the esophagus
What is ADENOCARCINOMAS; Side note- esophageal tumors grow rapidly; More than half metastasize because the esophageal mucosa is richly supplied with lymph tissue and allows for early spread of tumors via lymph nodes
500
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome is a rare disease and genetic mutations are a common cause. Name the 3 conditions that happen in this disease that describe what Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome is:
What is (1) Upper GI tract ulceration, (2) Increased gastric acid secretion, (3) 1 or more duodenal or pancreatic tumors called gastrinomas
500
When there is a break in the protective barrier of the stomach, hydrochloric acid injures the small vessels and can cause these 3 conditions to occur:
What is edema, hemorrhage, and erosion
500
Peptic ulcer disease involves symptoms of dyspepsia, hematemesis, and melena. Hematemesis is more common in __________ ulcers and melena more common in __________ ulcers.
What is hematemesis in gastric ulcers and melena in duodenal ulcers
500
The "4 F's" are conditions that are associated with a higher likelihood of developing cholecystitis. Name what the "4 F's" stand for:
What is FEMALE, FORTY, FAT, FERTILE
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